Acquired Immunity: Humoral & Cell-Med.Secondary Response (Immunity)Types of VaccinesSubunit Vaccines Made of Microbial PartsVaccine Production: Coinfecting With Two StrainsSlide 6Slide 7Acquired Immunity: Humoral ResponseResults of Antibody Binding to AntigenActive vs Passive ImmunityMonoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal Antibodies Can Be Used To Deliver Cell PoisonsSlide 13Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune ResponseCell-Mediated (Adaptive) ResponseTypes of T CellsRecognition Proteins Found on T cellsSummary of B Cell ActivationSummary of the Immune ResponseSlide 20Organ Transplants and RejectionAllergies (Hypersensitivity)Slide 23Disorders of Immunity: ImmunodeficienciesHIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeSlide 26Activation of T and B Cells Through TH cellsAcquired Immunity: Humoral & Cell-Med.• Distinction of Humoral versus Cell-Mediated Acquired Immunity• Antigens and Antigenic Determinants: Non-self and MHC proteins• Cell Types of the Humoral Response and How they Develop• B and T cell receptors and immunglobulins (antibodies)• Antibody Structure and Classes• Activation of B cells and Clonal Selection• Immunity and Secondary Response Time, Vaccines• Antibody Actions• Passive and Active Immunity• Monoclonal Antibodies• Players in the Cell Mediated (Adaptive) Response• Activation of Cytotoxic T and B cells via TH cells• Other T cells and their function• Tissue grafting• Immune disorders: Allergies• Immune disorders: ImmunodeficiencySecondary Response (Immunity)Figure 12.13Types of VaccinesLive, attenuated vaccines: passed through unnatural host or a related non-virulent virus•Benefits: Strong immune response, provide extended response •Potential Problems: Underattenuation, mutation back to virulent formInactivated/dead “whole” microbial vaccines•Benefits: Moderately immune response, less chance of causing disease•Potential problems: incomplete inactivationSubunit vaccines: pieces of outer layer of microbes, often produced through biotechnology•Benefits: No chance of causing disease, safer•Problems: Weaker immune responseSubunit Vaccines Made of Microbial PartsVaccine Production: Coinfecting With Two StrainsAcquired Immunity: Humoral Response• Distinction of Humoral versus Cell-Mediated Acquired Immunity• Antigens and Antigenic Determinants: Non-self and MHC proteins• Cell Types of the Humoral Response and How they Develop• B and T cell receptors and immunglobulins (antibodies)• Antibody Structure and Classes• Activation of B cells and Clonal Selection• Immunity and Secondary Response Time• Antibody Actions• Passive and Active Immunity• Monoclonal Antibodies• Players in the Cell Mediated Response• Activation of Cytotoxic T and B cells via TH cells• Other T cells and their function• Tissue grafting• Immune disorders: Allergies• Immune disorders: ImmunodeficiencyResults of Antibody Binding to Antigen• Agglutination (coralling of the invader)• Precipitation (removal of soluble antigens from blood and lymph)• Neutralization (blocking antigen's activity and binding)• Opsonization (faciliating macrophage phagocytosis)• Tagging, complement fixation, and transmembrane channel formation (lysis of pathogen)Agglutination Precipitation (soluble antigens)Transmembrane channel formation and lysisAntibody Function movieActive vs Passive ImmunityActive Immunity•Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies•Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired (e.g via vaccination)Passive Immunity•Antibodies are obtained from someone elseoConferred naturally from a mother to her fetusoConferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin - e.g. snake antitoxin•Immunological memory does not occur•Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”Monoclonal AntibodiesAntibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic servicesProduced from descendents of a single cell lineExamples of uses for monoclonal antibodies•Diagnosis of pregnancy•Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies•HIV/AIDS detection in ELISA Assays•Identifying microbes by using fluorescent-tagged antibodies against known organismsMonoclonal Antibodies Can Be Used To Deliver Cell PoisonsE.g. Rutuxin-mab for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma tags B cells, causing apoptosis, NK cell, or complement lysisAcquired Immunity: Humoral Response• Distinction of Humoral versus Cell-Mediated Acquired Immunity• Antigens and Antigenic Determinants: Non-self and MHC proteins• Cell Types of the Humoral Response and How they Develop• B and T cell receptors and immunglobulins (antibodies)• Antibody Structure and Classes• Activation of B cells and Clonal Selection• Immunity and Secondary Response Time• Antibody Actions• Passive and Active Immunity• Monoclonal Antibodies• Players in the Cell Mediated Response• Activation of Cytotoxic T and B cells via TH cells• Other T cells and their function• Tissue grafting• Immune disorders: Allergies• Immune disorders: ImmunodeficiencyCellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response1. Antigens must be presented by macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells to a T helper (TH) cell (called “antigen presentation”)2. T cells must recognize non-self antigen and self MHC proteins (double recognition)3. After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are producedCell-Mediated (Adaptive) ResponseTypes of T CellsCytotoxic T (Tc) cells - CD8+•Specialize in killing infected cells•Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)Helper T (TH) cells - CD4+ Recruit other cells to fight the invaders•Interact directly with B cellsA few members of each clone are memory cellsHelper t cells animationCytotoxic t cells animationRecognition Proteins Found on T cellsCD8: special membrane glycoprotein found on cytotoxic T (TC) cells only•CD8 glycoprotein, therefore T cells designated as CD8+•FunctionoBind to class I MHC molecules on almost every body cell to identify “self” from “non-self” but to kill “bad” self-cellsCD4: different membrane glycoprotein found on TH, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells•CD4 glycoprotein, therefore Tcells designated as CD4+ •Function oBind to and recognize class II MHC molecules on dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells to verify they have a security force name tag”.Summary of B Cell ActivationB cells can be activated