Microbial Genetics: DNA and RNA What chemical carries the genetic instructions in cells, and how is this chemical reproduced? How is this chemical used inside the cell to direct the production of new molecules?Flow of Genetic InformationDNA is a Double-Stranded Chain of NucleotidesDNASlide 5DNA Replication is SemiconservativeSlide 7DNA Replication Involves Several EnzymesSlide 9Slide 10Transcription is Performed by RNA PolymeraseTranslation or Protein SynthesisSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16mRNA Codon Dictionary of the Genetic CodeSlide 18Translation in Prokaryotes Can Occur Simultaneously With TranscriptionSlide 20Translation: Initiation, Elongation, TerminationSlide 22Microbial Genetics: DNA and RNAWhat chemical carries the genetic instructions in cells, and how is this chemical reproduced? How is this chemical used inside the cell to direct the production of new molecules?•The Need for Protein Making Instructions•Phenotype = genotype (+ environment)•1 chromosome gene ---> 1 protein•DNA-->RNA (copy)-->protein production•Structure of DNA, The Genetic Material•Two polynucleotide strands with H bonds•DNA + protein make up a chromosome•RNA is single stranded, difft sugar, uracil•How DNA copies itself when a cell divides•DNA replication by unzipping•DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new complementary strands --> 2 new helices•Transcription: Making a short DNA copy•RNA polymerase makes RNA from DNA•Only one set of instructions (gene) is copied•Copy is complementary to the DNA gene•In eukaryotes, the RNA copy is edited•The Three Kinds of RNA•mRNA: carries instructions for 1 protein•rRNA: structural support in ribosomes•tRNA: amino acid trucks with anticodons•Steps of Translation (Protein Synthesis)DNA, the genetic material, replicates by semiconservative replication. It is further copied in transcription for use in building proteins for the cell.Flow of Genetic InformationFigure 8.2DNA is a Double-Stranded Chain of NucleotidesDNAFigure 8.4Microbial Genetics: DNA and RNAWhat chemical carries the genetic instructions in cells, and how is this chemical reproduced? How is this chemical used inside the cell to direct the production of new molecules?•The Need for Protein Making Instructions•Phenotype = genotype (+ environment)•1 chromosome gene ---> 1 protein•DNA-->RNA (copy)-->protein production•Structure of DNA, The Genetic Material•Two polynucleotide strands with H bonds•DNA + protein make up a chromosome•RNA is single stranded, difft sugar, uracil•How DNA copies itself when a cell divides•DNA replication by unzipping•DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new complementary strands --> 2 new helices•Transcription: Making a short DNA copy•RNA polymerase makes RNA from DNA•Only one set of instructions (gene) is copied•Copy is complementary to the DNA gene•In eukaryotes, the RNA copy is edited•The Three Kinds of RNA•mRNA: carries instructions for 1 protein•rRNA: structural support in ribosomes•tRNA: amino acid trucks with anticodonsDNA, the genetic material, replicates by semiconservative replication. It is further copied in transcription for use in building proteins for the cell.DNA Replication is SemiconservativeFigure 8.3•DNA replication is semiconservativeDNAFigure 8.7DNA Replication Involves Several EnzymesFigure 8.6Central Dogma of Biology: How Shape and Form Are Dictated By DNA GenesA segment of DNA (gene) carries specific coded instructions for the making of a single proteins.Genotype:The genes carried in a cell for a particular traitPhenotype: The physical expression of genes for a particular traitQuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.DNA Genes are Instructions for Making Specific PolypeptidesMicrobial Genetics: DNA and RNAWhat chemical carries the genetic instructions in cells, and how is this chemical reproduced? How is this chemical used inside the cell to direct the production of new molecules?•The Need for Protein Making Instructions•Phenotype = genotype (+ environment)•1 chromosome gene ---> 1 protein•DNA-->RNA (copy)-->protein production•Structure of DNA, The Genetic Material•Two polynucleotide strands with H bonds•DNA + protein make up a chromosome•RNA is single stranded, difft sugar, uracil•How DNA copies itself when a cell divides•DNA replication by unzipping•DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new complementary strands --> 2 new helices•Transcription: Making a short DNA copy•RNA polymerase makes RNA from DNA•Only one set of instructions (gene) is copied•Copy is complementary to the DNA gene•In eukaryotes, the RNA copy is edited•The Three Kinds of RNA•mRNA: carries instructions for 1 protein•rRNA: structural support in ribosomes•tRNA: amino acid trucks with anticodonsDNA, the genetic material, replicates by semiconservative replication. It is further copied in transcription for use in building proteins for the cell.Transcription is Performed by RNA PolymeraseTranslation or Protein SynthesisFigure 8.2Figure 10.17Anatomy of a Messenger RNALeaderTrailermRNA is a Chain of NucleotidesMicrobial Genetics: DNA and RNAWhat chemical carries the genetic instructions in cells, and how is this chemical reproduced? How is this chemical used inside the cell to direct the production of new molecules?•The Need for Protein Making Instructions•Phenotype = genotype (+ environment)•1 chromosome gene ---> 1 protein•DNA-->RNA (copy)-->protein production•Structure of DNA, The Genetic Material•Two polynucleotide strands with H bonds•DNA + protein make up a chromosome•RNA is single stranded, difft sugar, uracil•How DNA copies itself when a cell divides•DNA replication by unzipping•DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new complementary strands --> 2 new helices•Transcription: Making a short DNA copy•RNA polymerase makes RNA from DNA•Only one set of instructions (gene) is copied•Copy is complementary to the DNA gene•In eukaryotes, the RNA copy is edited•The Three Kinds of RNA•mRNA: carries instructions for 1 protein•rRNA: structural support in ribosomes•tRNA: amino acid trucks with anticodonsDNA, the genetic material, replicates by semiconservative replication. It is further copied in transcription for use in building proteins for the cell.=3 Types of RNA – Each With a Different JobMessenger RNA (mRNA)Carries copy of gene informationto the ribosome to make proteinanticodonRibosomal RNA (rRNA)Part of the
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