The History of Microbiology What is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology?Microorganisms in our livesLeading Causes of Death in 1998*Three Domain System of ClassificationAntoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-17330Leeuwenhoek’s microscopeLeeuwenhoek discovers “animalcules” in 1670Robert Hooke’s microscope and light sourceRobert Hooke discovers “boxes” in corkSpontaneous generation: Francisco Redi’s experiments in 1668Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Lazzaro Spallanzani ~1750Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation conclusively in 1861Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experimentTyndall (1820-1893) Showed That Some Infusions Had to Be Boiled Longer than in Pasteur’s ExperimentsCell Theory Developed by Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann and PasteurSemmelweis introduces hand-washing to reduce puerperal fever in 1840Pasteur describes fermentation and invents pasteurization in 1864Lister uses phenol as an antiseptic to control infections in 1860Germs Cause Disease: Koch’s Postulates to prove causationJenner demonstrates effectiveness of vaccination with cowpox in 1796Paul Ehrlich discovers first chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan) in 1910Alexander Fleming discovers first antibiotic in 1928James Watson and Francis Crick work out DNA structure in 1952DNA technology: food, medicines, environmental cleanupMicrobial Ecology How do microbes grow in nature? How does this information pertain to controlling or fostering growth?Bioremediation How can we utilize the abilities of microbes in cleaning up our messes?Modern Branches of MicrobiologySlide 28The History of MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology?•Microbiology as a Science• Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses•The Discovery of Cells• Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke• The Cell Theory•Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow•The Debate over Spontaneous Generation• Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668)• Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765)• Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861)• Tyndall and Sterility•The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)• Fermentation and Pasteurization• Germ Theory of Disease (Koch)• Vaccines (Edward Jenner)•Developments in the 20th Century•Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs•Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming)•Discovery of viruses•Molecular biology and DNA technology• Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation•Sub-disciplines of microbiologyThe study of microbiology came into being with the discovery of cells and disproving spontaneous generation.Microorganisms in our livesFood and Chemical ProductionDecomposition & Spoilage DiseaseLearning about lifeLeading Causes of Death in 1998*United States Africa Southeast Asia1. Heart disease2. Stroke3. Cancer4. Resp. infections5. Accidents6. Diabetes7. Suicide8. Liver disease1. AIDS/HIV2. Resp. infections3. Diarrheal diseases4. Perinatal conditions5. Strokes6. Heart disease7. Accidents1. Heart disease2. Resp. infections3. Diarrheal diseases4. Stroke5. Perinatal conditions6. Tuberculosis7. AIDS/HIV*Infectious diseases caused by microbes are highlighted in redThree Domain System of Classification Bacteria EucaryaPlants AnimalsFungi ProtistsSoil bacteriaWater bacteriaDisease bacteriaPhotosynthetic bacteria“Extreme” bacteria that live in highsalt, hot water,acid, or alkali(unusual “bacteria”)All living thingsAntoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-17330Leeuwenhoek’s microscopeLeeuwenhoek discovers “animalcules” in 1670Robert Hooke’s microscope and light sourceRobert Hooke discovers “boxes” in corkSpontaneous generation: Francisco Redi’s experiments in 1668Maggots develop spontaneously on meat? Box uncovered Box covered with cheeseclothMicrobes develop spontaneously in chicken broth?Chicken broth Sealed in flask Boiled No growthDisproving Spontaneous Generation: Lazzaro Spallanzani ~1750Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation conclusively in 1861Pasteur’s Swan-necked flask experimentTyndall (1820-1893) Showed That Some Infusions Had to Be Boiled Longer than in Pasteur’s ExperimentsTyndall’s apparatus showing that air withoutdust grows no microbes.Cell TheoryDeveloped by Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann and Pasteur1. All living things are made of one or more cells2. All existing cells arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)Semmelweis introduces hand-washing to reduce puerperal fever in 1840Pasteur describes fermentation and invents pasteurization in 1864Lister uses phenol as an antiseptic to control infections in 1860Germs Cause Disease: Koch’s Postulates to prove causationJenner demonstrates effectiveness of vaccination with cowpox in 1796Paul Ehrlich discovers first chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan) in 1910Alexander Fleming discovers first antibiotic in 1928James Watson and Francis Crick work out DNA structure in 1952DNA technology: food, medicines, environmental cleanupMicrobial EcologyHow do microbes grow in nature? How does this information pertain to controlling or fostering growth?Biofilm growing on a medical implantBioremediationHow can we utilize the abilities of microbes in cleaning up our messes?Modern Branches of MicrobiologyBacteriology BacteriaImmunologyResistance to diseaseVirology VirusesMycologyFungal diseasesParasitologyProtozoans & animal parasitic wormsEpidemiologyDisease transmissionRabies virusTrypanosomaStaph. aureusAspergillisEbola VirusMacrophageThe History of MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology and how has this science come to be a specialized part of biology?•Microbiology as a Science• Organisms of study: bacteria, fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, viruses•The Discovery of Cells• Anton Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke• The Cell Theory•Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow•The Debate over Spontaneous Generation• Francesco Redi and rotten meat (1668)• Lazarro Spallazani and chicken broth (1765)• Pasteur and swan-necked flasks (1861)• Tyndall and Sterility•The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)• Fermentation and Pasteurization• Germ Theory of Disease (Koch)• Vaccines (Edward Jenner)•Developments in the 20th Century•Salvarsan for syphilis, sulfa drugs•Antibiotics (penicillin in 1928 by Fleming)•Discovery of viruses•Molecular biology and DNA technology• Microbes in the Environment; Bioremediation•Sub-disciplines of microbiologyThe study of