Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?Recombination Produces New GenotypesTransformation: Absorption of Free DNAPlasmids: Autonomously Replicating Extrachromosomal DNAConjugation: Simple F+ to F- TransferConjugation: Creation of an Hfr CellConjugation: Hfr to F- cellTransductionSlide 9Genetic Recombination In Eukaryotes: Crossing OverDouble Infection By Two Viruses Can Produce a New Novel Virus By Recombination (In eukaryotes, is this how new recombinations of influenza viruses arise)Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Vector: Something That Can Carry in New DNA and Be Stable in the Cell Should have several restriction enzyme sitesSlide 16Genetic Engineering Involves Insertion of a Gene on a PlasmidSafety Issues and EthicsSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Genetic SequencingSlide 25Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA Biotechnology•Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods•Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis•Recombinant DNA and Cloning•Restriction enzymes•Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene•Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction•DNA Fingerprinting •Genetic sequencingRecombination Produces New GenotypesFigure 8.25Genotype: abcdeGenotype: aBcdeDonor DNARecipient DNA(now has a new phenotype or ability, like being able to use a sugar it could not before)Transformation: Absorption of Free DNAFigure 8.24In a lab setting, many bacterial species are not “competent” to take up donor DNA. They are incubated in CaCl2 to make them competent and then heat shocked so they will suck up DNA fragments from the medium.Plasmids: Autonomously Replicating Extrachromosomal DNAFertility (F) factor is a plasmid that can direct the formation of a sex pilus and DNA transfer by conjugationConjugation: Simple F+ to F- TransferFigure 8.27aConjugation: Creation of an Hfr CellFigure 8.27bConjugation: Hfr to F- cellFigure 8.27cTransductionFigure 8.28RecombinantPhage protein coatBacterial chromosomeBacterial DNAPhage DNARecipient cellDonor bacterial DNARecipient bacterial DNARecombinant cellGene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA Biotechnology•Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods•Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis•Recombinant DNA and Cloning•Restriction enzymes•Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene•Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction•DNA Fingerprinting•Prophase I of MeiosisGenetic Recombination In Eukaryotes: Crossing OverFigure 8.23Double Infection By Two Viruses Can Produce a New Novel Virus By Recombination(In eukaryotes, is this how new recombinations of influenza viruses arise)Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA Biotechnology•Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods•Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis•Recombinant DNA and Cloning•Restriction enzymes•Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene•Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction•DNA FingerprintingFigure 9.1.1Biotechnology/DNA Technology: Genetic Engineering SchemeAdvantages & DisadvantagesFigure 9.2Restriction Enzymes Recognize and Cut at Recognition SitesVector: Something That Can Carry in New DNA and Be Stable in the CellShould have several restriction enzyme sitesFigure 9.3Gene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA Biotechnology•Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods•Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis•Recombinant DNA and Cloning•Restriction enzymes•Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene•Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction•DNA FingerprintingGenetic Engineering Involves Insertion of a Gene on a Plasmid•Avoid accidental release of supergerms•Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment•Who will have access to an individual's genetic information?•Do we have a right to move genes around, creating new life forms (i.e. “playing God”)?Safety Issues and EthicsGene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA Biotechnology•Fast, inexpensive, ethical methods•Strategies of Gene Manipulation/Analysis•Recombinant DNA and Cloning•Restriction enzymes•Steps of Cloning the Insulin Gene•Making many Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction•DNA Fingerprinting •Genetic sequencingPolymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Replication in a Test TubeExponential Increase in the Number of DNA Molecules each CycleGene Transfer: How New Strains Arise and Biotechnology What special mechanisms allow bacteria to swap genes between cells?•Gene Transfer and Recombination•Donor and recipient; recombination•Prokaryotic Gene Transfer•Transformation•Transduction: Bacteriophage transfer•Conjugation•Plasmids: F factors, R factors•Eukaryotic Gene Recombination•Viral Gene Changes•Application of DNA