Slide 1Slide 2Cellular Reactions Either Use or Liberate EnergyBoth Breakdown and Buildup Reactions Have Activation EnergiesSlide 5Activation EnergySlide 7Enzymes Are Biological CatalystsEnzymesSlide 10Factors Influencing Enzyme ActivityEnzymes Become Non-Functional at pH Extremes and High TemperaturesSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Oxidation-ReductionSlide 18The Energy Stored in ATP Can Be Used to Perform Work in the CellSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22RespirationAnaerobic respiration by Obligate AnaerobesTwo Net ATP are Made in Glycolysis by Substrate Level PhosphorylationFermentation by Facultative AnaerobesFermentation Products Are Mostly Acids with Some GasesFermentation (Change to Yellow Means Acid is Present; Durham Tubes Collect Gas)Slide 29Lipid CatabolismProtein Catabolism Produces Alkaline AmmoniumBiochemical tests and Dichotomous Keys Are Used to ID ProkaryotesSlide 33•Metabolism and Energy•Catabolism vs Anabolism; Exergonic vs Endergonic rxns•Using ATP to make endergonic rxns run•Enzymes as Biological Catalysts•Lowering of Activation Energy•Specificity, recyclability•Factors which affect Enzymatic Rate (pH, temp, inhib.)•Metabolic Control•Cellular Respiration: Oxidative Catabolism•Oxidation-Reduction Reactions(NAD+, FAD+ trucks)•C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)•Glycolysis (6C glucose--> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH +2ATP•Krebs Cycle (2 pyruvate-->6CO2 + 8NADH +2FADH2 + 2ATP•Electron Transport Chain (Cashing in on e-)•FADH2 + NADH + O2 --> lots of ATP + H2O + NAD+ + FAD+•Terminal aerobic electron acceptor O2--->H2O•Anaerobic bacteria use nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide•Fermentation is not anaerobic respiration•Performed by facultative anaerobes•Restart glycolysis by recycling NADH->NAD+ in side rxns•Acid and/or Gas common (pH drop)•Alcohol Fermentation (yeast, some bacteria)•Ethanol and carbon dioxide produced•Lactic Acid Fermentation (bacteria, muscles)•Heterolactic Fermentation (several bacteria)•Acetoin: a neutral product in VP test•Use of Other Food Molecules for Energy•Lipid Catabolism to Acetyl CoA•Protein Catabolism to Kreb’s Cycle Molecules•Deamination, Ammonium, and pH riseMicrobial MetabolismFood molecules (high energy)Waste molecules (low energy) Energy from chemical bonds  Usable cellular energy (ATP)Simple molecules (low energy)Complex biomolecules (high energy)Breakdown(Catabolism)Construction/ Synthesis (Anabolism)Metabolism: Breakdown of Food Fuels Construction of BiomoleculesCellular Reactions Either Use or Liberate Energy• Catabolic/Breakdown Reactions release energyoMolecules become more disorganized or less structured• Anabolic/Buildup Reactions absorb energyoMolecules become more ordered and complexoATP needed to power endothermic reactionsZX Y + +CA B + + ATPBoth Breakdown and Buildup Reactions Have Activation Energies Breakdown Reactions Release Energy: Exergonic/exothermic Buildup Reactions Absorb or Require Energy: Endergonic/endothermicZX Y + +CA B + + ATPEnergy LevelEnergy LevelTimeTimeZ X + YA+ BCActivation EnergyActivation EnergyMetabolism and EnergyCatabolism vs Anabolism; Exergonic vs Endergonic rxnsUsing ATP to make endergonic rxns runEnzymes as Biological CatalystsLowering of Activation EnergySpecificity, recyclabilityFactors which affect Enzymatic Rate (pH, temp, inhib.)Metabolic ControlCellular Respiration: Oxidative CatabolismOxidation-Reduction Reactions(NAD+, FAD+ trucks)C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)Glycolysis (6C glucose--> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH +2ATPKrebs Cycle (2 pyruvate-->6CO2 + 8NADH +2FADH2 + 2ATPElectron Transport Chain (Cashing in on e-)FADH2 + NADH + O2 --> lots of ATP + H2O + NAD+ + FAD+Terminal aerobic electron acceptor O2--->H2OAnaerobic bacteria use nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxideFermentation is not anaerobic respirationPerformed by facultative anaerobesRestart glycolysis by recycling NADH->NAD+ in side rxnsAcid and/or Gas common (pH drop)Alcohol Fermentation (yeast, some bacteria)Ethanol and carbon dioxide producedLactic Acid Fermentation (bacteria, muscles)Heterolactic Fermentation (several bacteria)Acetoin: a neutral product in VP testUse of Other Food Molecules for EnergyLipid Catabolism to Acetyl CoAProtein Catabolism to Kreb’s Cycle MoleculesDeamination, Ammonium, and pH riseMicrobial MetabolismActivation Energy•Activation energy•Energy needed to allow the reactants to form products•Necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed•Activation energy is needed even for breakdown reaction to get them goingEnergy LevelTimeZ X + YActivation Energy• In the laboratory, we heat the reactants in order to provide activation energy for a chemical reaction• Inside the cell, a different mechanism is required as heating up the reactants is not possibleLower the energy required for the reactionFigure 5.8Enzymes Lower Activation Energy and Speed Up ReactionsEnzymes Are Biological CatalystsFigure 5.2EnzymesFigure 5.3Metabolism and EnergyCatabolism vs Anabolism; Exergonic vs Endergonic rxnsUsing ATP to make endergonic rxns runEnzymes as Biological CatalystsLowering of Activation EnergySpecificity, recyclabilityFactors which affect Enzymatic Rate (pH, temp, inhib.)Metabolic ControlCellular Respiration: Oxidative CatabolismOxidation-Reduction Reactions(NAD+, FAD+ trucks)C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)Glycolysis (6C glucose--> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH +2ATPKrebs Cycle (2 pyruvate-->6CO2 + 8NADH +2FADH2 + 2ATPElectron Transport Chain (Cashing in on e-)FADH2 + NADH + O2 --> lots of ATP + H2O + NAD+ + FAD+Terminal aerobic electron acceptor O2--->H2OAnaerobic bacteria use nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxideFermentation is not anaerobic respirationPerformed by facultative anaerobesRestart glycolysis by recycling NADH->NAD+ in side rxnsAcid and/or Gas common (pH drop)Alcohol Fermentation (yeast, some bacteria)Ethanol and carbon dioxide producedLactic Acid Fermentation (bacteria, muscles)Heterolactic Fermentation (several bacteria)Acetoin: a neutral product in VP testUse of Other Food Molecules for EnergyLipid Catabolism to Acetyl CoAProtein Catabolism to Kreb’s Cycle MoleculesDeamination, Ammonium, and pH riseMicrobial Metabolism•Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pHFactors Influencing Enzyme ActivityFigure 5.6Enzymes Become Non-Functional at pH Extremes and High Temperatures0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Enzymatic rate(products formed per