CMPE 003 Computer Concepts Exam 1 Review of Chapters 1 3 8 and the appendix Appendix The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past Present and Future Important Points 1 DESCRIBE THE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER DESIGN LEADING UP TO THE PRESENT a The First Generation i 1951 1958 ii vacuum tube iii magnetic core memory iv storage on punched cards and tape v machine language vi UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer first computer built for business rather than military science or engineering b The Second Generation i 1959 1964 ii transistor iii programming languages including assembly language FORTRAN COBOL iv storage using removable disk packs and magnetic tape v used primarily by business universities government c The Third Generation i 1965 1970 ii integrated circuit iii upward compatibility iv unbundled software v several programs share computer s resources vi interactive processing d The Fourth Generation i 1971 present ii microprocessor iii explosive growth iv found in homes v the Internet revolution 1 started as ARPANET a network of computers that could survive a nuclear attack 2 attractive to the average user links graphical browser e The Fifth Generation mid 1990s i intelligent computers computer intelligence 1 artificial intelligence 2 expert systems 2 3 4 3 natural language 4 robotics DESCRIBE THE STORY OF PERSONAL COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT a Apple 1975 i home use ii VisiCalc spreadsheet software b IBM 1981 i became industry standard ii improved keyboard iii 80 character screen iv ability to add memory v expansion slots vi encouraged hardware and software development by others vii nonproprietary parts viii clones c Microsoft Intel i Wintel 1 Microsoft supplies operating system for PC MS DOS Windows 2 Intel supplies microprocessor 3 primary standard ii continually challenged others making inroads 1 handheld computers Palm 2 Linux graphical user interface operating system d The Internet Revolution i Attractive to the average user 1 links 2 graphical browser 3 explosive growth of PC market to support Internet use e The Fifth Generation mid 1990s EXPLAIN THE UNDERLYING CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE a How computers can be used for tasks that require human characteristics b How to make computers do things that people currently do better c Make computers learn i improve performance based on past errors ii knowledge base set of facts and rules iii inference engine applies rules to the facts to create new facts iv evolving science v subsets 1 problem solving 2 natural languages 3 expert systems 4 robotics EXPLAIN THE FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS ROBOTICS AND VIRTUAL REALITY a Expert Systems i software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic ii user 1 knowledge seeker 2 asks questions in English like format 5 iii responds with an answer and explanation iv need 1 expert system shell software that contains the basic structure used to find answers to questions 2 knowledge engineer writes rules b Robotics i computer controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings ii primarily found in factories iii field robots 1 dangerous work 2 dirty jobs c Virtual reality VR i engages a user in a computer created environment ii user physically interacts with computer created environment iii immersion user becomes absorbed in the VR interaction iv how it works 1 alters perceptions 2 appeals to several senses at once 3 presents images that respond immediately to users movements GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE IMPACT THESE FIELDS HAVE ON BUSINESS AND EVERYDAY LIFE a Identify relationships in data and use the information to optimize profits b Computer robots sent to do dangerous work in place of humans c Using expert systems to assist with business decisions such as determining the best place to drill for oil or whether to invest in new stocks d Use VR to simulate a showroom so customers at a distance can visit or to simulate a patient so doctors can try a new medical procedure Review the Lecture Notes in particular Chapter 1 Computers Tools for an Information Age Important Points 1 2 DESCRIBE THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS a Characteristics i speed ii reliability iii storage capability b Results i productivity ii decision making iii cost reduction DESCRIBE AT LEAST FOUR AREAS OF SOCIETY IN WHICH COMPUTERS ARE USED a Education Training b Business i retailing ii graphics iii energy iv money v agriculture vi paperwork c Transportation d Government Law Enforcement e Home f Health Science i medicine ii human connection iii robotics g Connectivity 3 IDENTIFY THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT AND STORAGE a IPOS cycle i input 1 data provided to computer 2 converted to electronic form ii process 1 data is manipulated iii output 1 result of manipulation 2 data is converted from electronic form to some other form iv storage 1 data and or information is saved for future use v IPOS is directed by software instructions but performed by the hardware b Computer System i hardware 1 input devices 2 processor central processing unit CPU 3 output devices 4 storage secondary storage long term use nonvolatile 5 memory primary storage temporary use volatile ii software 1 program 2 set of instructions that tells the computer what to do 3 basic types system software or operating system OS application software iii people 1 technical individuals including computer programmers 2 users 4 LIST SOME COMMON INPUT OUTPUT AND STORAGE MEDIA a Input i keyboard ii mouse iii scanner b Output i monitor ii printer c Storage Media i magnetic disk 1 uses magnetic disk drive for I O 2 examples hard disk diskette ii optical disk 1 uses optical disk drive for I O 2 examples CD ROM DVD ROM iii magnetic tape 1 uses tape drive for I O 5 DISTINGUISH DATA FROM INFORMATION a Data i raw facts ii provided to computer as input b Information i organized ii useful iii provided to the user as output 6 DESCRIBE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NETWORKING a Enables i sharing of resources ii communication b Types i local area network LAN ii wide area network WAN 7 EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTERNET a World wide communication b Collection of networks c Unowned d Used for i communication ii research iii business functions iv entertainment 8 EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS a Personal computer PC microcomputer i low end ii fully functional iii workstation b Notebook computer c Handheld computer i personal digital assistant