CMPE – 003: Computer ConceptsExam #1 Review of Chapters 1-3, 8, and the appendixAppendixThe Continuing Story of the Computer Age: Past, Present, and FutureImportant Points:Review the Lecture Notes in particularChapter 1Computers: Tools for an Information AgeImportant Points:Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter and pay close attention to:Chapter 2Applications Software – Getting the Work DoneImportant Points:Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter and pay close attention to:Chapter 3Operating Systems – Software in the BackgroundImportant Points:Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter and pay close attention to:The Internet at Home and in the WorkplaceImportant Points:Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter and pay close attention to:CMPE – 003: Computer ConceptsExam #1 Review of Chapters 1-3, 8, and the appendixAppendixThe Continuing Story of the Computer Age: Past, Present, and FutureImportant Points:1. DESCRIBE THE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER DESIGN LEADING UP TO THE PRESENTa. The First Generationi. 1951–1958ii. vacuum tubeiii. magnetic core memoryiv. storage on punched cards and tapev. machine languagevi. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – first computer built for businessrather than military, science, or engineeringb. The Second Generationi. 1959–1964ii. transistoriii. programming languages including assembly language, FORTRAN, COBOLiv. storage using removable disk packs and magnetic tapev. used primarily by business, universities, governmentc. The Third Generationi. 1965–1970ii. integrated circuitiii. upward compatibilityiv. unbundled softwarev. several programs share computer’s resourcesvi. interactive processingd. The Fourth Generationi. 1971–presentii. microprocessoriii. explosive growthiv. found in homesv. the Internet revolution1. started as ARPANET – a network of computers that could survive a nuclear attack2. attractive to the average user- links- graphical browsere. The Fifth Generation (mid-1990s)i. intelligent computers/computer intelligence1. artificial intelligence2. expert systems3. natural language4. robotics2. DESCRIBE THE STORY OF PERSONAL COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTa. Apple (1975)i. home useii. VisiCalc spreadsheet softwareb. IBM (1981)i. became industry standardii. improved keyboardiii. 80-character screeniv. ability to add memoryv. expansion slotsvi. encouraged hardware and software development by othersvii. nonproprietary partsviii. clonesc. Microsoft/Inteli. Wintel1. Microsoft supplies operating system for PC – MS-DOS, Windows2. Intel supplies microprocessor3. primary standardii. continually challenged – others making inroads1. handheld computers – Palm2. Linux – graphical user interface operating systemd. The Internet Revolutioni. Attractive to the average user1. links2. graphical browser3. explosive growth of PC market to support Internet usee. The Fifth Generation (mid-1990s)3. EXPLAIN THE UNDERLYING CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEa. How computers can be used for tasks that require human characteristicsb. How to make computers do things that people currently do betterc. Make computers learni. improve performance based on past errorsii. knowledge base – set of facts and rulesiii. inference engine – applies rules to the facts to create new factsiv. evolving sciencev. subsets1. problem solving2. natural languages3. expert systems4. robotics4. EXPLAIN THE FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS, AND VIRTUAL REALITYa. Expert Systemsi. software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topicii. user1. knowledge seeker2. asks questions in English-like formatiii. responds with an answer and explanationiv. need1. expert system shell – software that contains the basic structure used to find answers to questions2. knowledge engineer – writes rulesb. Roboticsi. computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundingsii. primarily found in factoriesiii. field robots1. dangerous work2. “dirty” jobsc. Virtual reality (VR)i. engages a user in a computer-created environmentii. user physically interacts with computer-created environmentiii. immersion – user becomes absorbed in the VR interactioniv. how it works1. alters perceptions2. appeals to several senses at once3. presents images that respond immediately to users movements5. GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE IMPACT THESE FIELDS HAVE ON BUSINESS AND EVERYDAY LIFE a. Identify relationships in data and use the information to optimize profitsb. Computer robots sent to do dangerous work in place of humansc. Using expert systems to assist with business decisions such as determining the best place to drill for oil or whether to invest in new stocksd. Use VR to simulate a showroom so customers at a distance can visit or to simulate a patient so doctors can try a new medical procedureReview the Lecture Notes in particularChapter 1Computers: Tools for an Information AgeImportant Points:1. DESCRIBE THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERSa. Characteristicsi. speedii. reliabilityiii. storage capabilityb. Resultsi. productivityii. decision makingiii. cost reduction2. DESCRIBE AT LEAST FOUR AREAS OF SOCIETY IN WHICH COMPUTERS ARE USEDa. Education & Trainingb. Businessi. retailingii. graphicsiii. energyiv. moneyv. agriculturevi. paperworkc. Transportationd. Government & Law Enforcemente. Homef. Health & Sciencei. medicineii. human connectioniii. roboticsg. Connectivity3. IDENTIFY THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM: INPUT, PROCESSING, OUTPUT, AND STORAGEa. IPOS cyclei. input1. data provided to computer2. converted to electronic formii. process1. data is manipulatediii. output1. result of manipulation2. data is converted from electronic form to some other formiv. storage1. data and/or information is saved for future usev. IPOS is directed by software instructions but performed by the hardwareb. Computer Systemi. hardware1. input devices2. processor / central processing unit (CPU)3. output devices4. storage / secondary storage- long term use- nonvolatile5. memory / primary storage- temporary use- volatileii. software1. program2. set of instructions that tells the computer what to do3. basic types- system software or operating system (OS)- application softwareiii. people1. technical individuals including computer programmers2. users4. LIST SOME COMMON INPUT, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE MEDIAa. Inputi. keyboardii. mouseiii. scannerb. Outputi. monitorii. printerc. Storage Mediai. magnetic