CMPE-003: Computer Concepts Exam #2 Review of Chapters 4, 5, 7, 9 and HTML Chapter 4 The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the Computer A. IDENTIFY THE COMPONENTS OF THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT AND HOW THEY WORK TOGETHER AND INTERACT WITH MEMORY 1. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) – performs calculations 2. Control Unit (CU) – directs the computer system to perform a calculation, access memory, do a read/write operation 3. Registers – temporarily holds a. data brought from memory while waiting to be used by the ALU b. intermediate results to be sent to memory B. DESCRIBE HOW PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS ARE EXECUTED BY THE COMPUTER 1. CU gets an instruction and places it in memory 2. CU decodes the instruction 3. CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to take action 4. Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware 5. Task is performed 6. Control is returned to the CU C. EXPLAIN HOW DATA IS REPRESENTED IN THE COMPUTER 1. Circuit with current = ON 2. Circuit without current = OFF 3. Represent on/off circuits using binary numbers – ON=1, OFF=0 4. Data a. Bit – binary digit: one circuit that is either on or off (1 or 0) b. Byte – eight bits that together represent alphanumeric data according to a predefined coding scheme i. ASCII ii. EBCDIC iii. Unicode c. Word – the number of bits that the CPU can process at a time; size of one register in the CPU D. DESCRIBE HOW THE COMPUTER FINDS INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA 1. Each memory location has unique address E. DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT’S MOTHERBOARD 1. CPU 2. Memory 3. Connections F. LIST THE MEASURES OF COMPUTER PROCESSING SPEED AND EXPLAIN THE APPROACHES THAT INCREASE SPEED 1. Microprocessor speed a. MHz/GHz – machine cycles b. MIPS – instructions c. Megaflop – floating-point operations 2. Cachea. size b. L1 and L2 3. Flash memory 4. Processor type a. RISC b. CISC 5. Parallel Processing a. serial b. pipelining 6. Other factors a. number of processors b. register size in CPU – word size c. speed and size of bus lines d. amount and type of RAM Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter pay close attention to: • The Central Processing Unit • The Central Processing Unit: The Control Unit • The Central Processing Unit: The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • The Central Processing Unit: Registers, Memory • Memory • System Unit: Memory Components • How the CPU Executes Program Instructions • RISC Technology: Less is More Chapter 5 Input and Output: The User Connection 1. DESCRIBE THE USER RELATIONSHIP WITH COMPUTER INPUT AND OUTPUT a. Users use input devices to provide data to the computer b. Output devices provide information for the user c. Users interact with the input and output devices constantly 2. EXPLAIN HOW DATA IS INPUT INTO A COMPUTER SYSTEM AND DIFFERENTIATE AMONG VARIOUS INPUT EQUIPMENT a. Data is entered via an input device and converted into electronic form b. Most common input devices i. keyboard – enter data by typing on the keys ii. pointing device – position a pointer on the screen 1. mouse 2. trackball 3. touchpad 4. pointing stick 5. joystick iii. graphics tablet/digitizing tablet iv. touch screens v. pen-based computing vi. source data automationvii. magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) viii. optical scanner ix. optical mark recognition (OMR) x. optical character recognition (OCR) xi. bar code reader xii. speech recognition devices xiii. digital cameras xiv. video input 3. DESCRIBE HOW A MONITOR WORKS AND THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT DETERMINE QUALITY a. Cathode ray tube (CRT) uses raster scanning i. how it works 1. sweeps electron beams across the back of the screen 2. phosphorus coating glows when hit by electrons ii. quality 1. monochrome vs. color 2. refresh/scan rate 3. interlaced versus non-interlaced 4. dot pitch 5. graphics card 6. resolution 7. size of monitor b. Flat-panel screen/liquid crystal display (LCD) i. how it works – transistors ii. quality – active-matrix versus passive-matrix c. Smart displays i. based on flat panel technology ii. contain their own processor and a wireless transmitter-receiver iii. allow the user to control a desktop system from anywhere in the house 4. LIST AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF COMPUTER OUTPUT a. Monitor – soft copy b. Printer – hard copy c. Voice output – speech synthesis d. Music and sound output – Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) e. Graphics i. business graphics ii. video graphics iii. Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 5. DIFFERENTIATE AMONG DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRINTERS a. Dot-matrix i. impact ii. pins striking a ribbon against paper b. Line printers i. impact ii. prints entire line at a time c. Laser i. non-impact ii. light beam helps transfer images to paper iii. high quality iv. black and white or color d. Ink-jeti. non-impact ii. sprays ink at paper iii. good quality iv. black and white or color 6. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF A COMPUTER TERMINAL AND DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF TERMINALS a. Permits input and output functions b. Dumb terminal i. keyboard and monitor ii. connects to host for processing c. Intelligent terminal i. keyboard, monitor, memory, and processor ii. connects with host d. Point-of-sale terminal (POS) i. input and output devices ii. captures retail data 7. COMPUTER GRAPHICS a. Business graphics b. Video graphics c. Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing 8. DESCRIBE THE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN HANDLING COMPUTER DATA a. When is it ethical to alter computer data? b. When is it ethical to erase computers data? Review the Lecture Notes -- in the Chapter pay close attention to: • Keyboard • Pointing Devices • Scanner • Source Data Automation: Collecting Data Where It starts • Computer Screen Technology • Flat Panel Screens • Printers • Terminals: Combining Input and Outpuit • Digital Cameras Chapter 7 Networking: Computer Connections 1. DESCRIBE THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK a. Sending device b. Communications link c. Receiving device d. Modem2. EXPLAIN THE METHODS OF DATA TRANSMISSION, INCLUDING TYPES OF SIGNALS, MODULATION, AND CHOICES AMONG TRANSMISSION MODES a. Transmission Methods i. digital transmission – pulses over digital lines ii. analog transmission – signals sent as waves over standard telephone