The role of the UN, regional ,gorganizations, and bilateral donors for strengthening democratic gggovernanceDPI~403 Class 2www.pippanorris.comClass Structure1. Overview of the diffusion of democratic governancego e a ce• Patterns of regional democratic diffusion2Role of the international community2.Role of the international community• Agencies and strategies•Pros and consPros and consReadingBarbara Wejnert 2005. ‘Diffusion, Development and Democracy 1800Development and Democracy 1800-1999.’ ASRCh i ti H f t l 2009Christian Haerpfer et al. 2009. Democratization. Ch 7.Core questionsCan the international community strengthen democracy around thestrengthen democracy around the world?Wh h th ti f d l tWhy has the notion of development gradually shifted from poverty towards th i f id i h h ithe issues of widening human choice, capabilities and democratic ?governance?1. The diffusion of democracyyHaerpfer Ch 7How do international factors shape regime transitions?Lawrence Whiteheadaece teead• Democratization through convergence• E.g. Spain, Portugal, Greece and …ffdhGeoff Pridham• System penetrationDouglas ChalmersDouglas Chalmers• Internationalized domestic politicsSam HuntingtonSam Huntington• Democratic diffusionHow does diffusion work?Brinks and Coppedge 2006Global and regional factors influence regimeGlobal and regional factors influence regime change 1972-96Gleditsch and Ward 2006Democratic transition occurs more frequently due to democratic neighboring statesCritique: What causes any diffusion?Wh t i t ti d k?What interventions and programs work?Wejnert: Diffusion1800-1999Endogenous characteristics•Socioeconomic conditions levels of•Socioeconomic conditions, levels of urbanization, industrialization•LipsetpOr exogenous factors• Global forces (egmedia), regional influences, (g), g ,spatial proximity, economic power, colonial networks, regional associationsWejnert: Evidence168 nation-states from 1800-1999Democracy measured by Polity V byJagger&Democracy measured by Polity V by Jagger& GurrSocioeconomic development GNP/capitaSocioeconomic development GNP/capita, urbanization, literacy, non-agricultural labor force, world system position (Banks CNTS ,yp(dataset)Diffusion: spatial density, membership networks, colonial networks, media accessWejnert: ResultsHierarchical growth modelsTbl 1S6566Table 1 –See p65-66Model 1 – timeModel 2 – developmentModel 3–diffusionModel 3 diffusionModel 4 – historical eventsWejnert: ConclusionsDevelopment alone is significant (GNP per capita, literacy, etccapita, literacy, etcBUT once diffusion was added to Model 3, the significance of development fadeds g ca ce o de e op e t adedSpatial proximity, regional networksMedia access not sig (media freedom?)Media access not sig (media freedom?)Policy implications?2. International agencies and strategiesstrategiesTypes of actors•UN and its agencies• International NGOs E.g. ICNRD, CD, IPU, IDEA, IFES TIMultilateral organizationsIFES, TIorganizations• E.g. European Union, African Union, Organization ofRegionalUnion, Organization of American StatesRegional organizations• Government development ministries E.g. Dfid, Norad, Cida, Sida• NGO development agencies e.g. StiftungenNED NDI ABABilateralsStiftungen, NED, NDI, ABA•egMicrosoft, CISCOPPPStrategic optionsTypes of strategiesTypes of strategiesCapacity developmentMonitoring BrokerageLegal conventionsAid ConditionalityFinancial MilitaryWith civil societyElections Dialogue International NegativeTrade sanctionsPeacekeepingForceWith governmentHuman rightsCtiDiplomacy Regional Positive Debt reliefExternal interventionCorruptionGive example of each?Any other options? ypWhich options are used most often? Pros and cons of