DPI‐403Corruption &GoodGovernanceCorruption & Good GovernanceStructureStructure1. State reforms: building institutional capacitygpy2. Transparency International3TI: corruptionand good governance3.TI: corruption and good governance Evaluating diagnostic tools: TI’sCorruption Perceptions IndexTI sCorruption Perceptions Index,  TI’s Global Corruption Barometer, & The WB Diagnostic Tools.The WB Diagnostic Tools.4. Brainstorming strategic optionsPolicy OptionsPolicy OptionsMap ofMap of Program OptionsConstitutions IDEAHuman rights, justice, rule_lawAmnestyDemocratic governanceElectionsACE/UNDPMedia freedomAmnestygovernanceUNDPIFESParlt, tiCivicCPJparties, womenQuotas ProjectPAR, decentralization, anti-corruptionTICivic society, soc capCIVICUSTI1. STATE REFORMS1. STATE REFORMS1. Building state capacity1. Building state capacityCan democratic governance deliver?Can democratic governance deliver? Elections not sufficient for accountabilityDemocratic states lack capacity to deliverDemocratic states lack capacity to deliver basic public services & achieve MDGs Range of state reforms: Public administration reform and training New public sector management, deregulation, privatization privatepublic partnershipsprivatization, private-public partnerships, contracting out, role of NGOs Decentralizing regional and local government Transparency and anti-corruption initiativesCorruptionand good governanceCorruption and good governance 1960s some relativists (Nye, Leff) claimed corruption enhanced ffi i d i i t ti fl ibilitefficiency: administrative flexibility The ‘corruption eruption’ in the mid-1990s End of Cold War: new priorities Globalization & expansion of international trade Link between development and good governance Growth of independent press as ‘watchdog’ Corruption was widely assumed to have negative consequences:  damaging economic growth, gg g , distorting investment,  weakening state capacity,  reducing trust in leaders and political system, and hurting the poorest groupshurting the poorest groups Corruption has become a central aspects of good governance initiatives by TI, World Bank, UNDP etc Over 4000 books and journal articles published during 1990s alone2. ROLE OF TRANSPARENCY2. ROLE OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONALRole of Transparency InternationalRole of Transparency InternationalTransparency InternationalTransparency InternationalInternational NGO founded in 1993 by PeterInternational NGO founded in 1993 by Peter Eigen Organization and structureg Board of DirectorsAdvisory Councily International Secretariat in Berlin 90+ national chaptersp Funded by development aid, private donors, international organizationsSource: TI Strategic Framework 2008-10 (Nov 2007)Statement of valuesStatement of valuesTransparencyTransparency  Accountability IntegrityIntegrity  Solidarity CourageCourage  Justice DemocracyDemocracy “We define corruption as the abuse of entrusted powerfor privategain”entrusted power for private gain.ActivitiesActivitiesAdvocacy: monitor trends and highlight problemsyggp Corruption Perception Index, 1995+ Global Corruption Barometer, 2003+ Bribe payers Index, 2006+ Advocate international conventions and norms UN Convention against Corruption (2003);  African Union Anti-Corruption Convention (2003), Council of Europe Conventions against Corruption (1999),  OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (1997) and  Inter-American Convention against Corruption (1996).Kld dKnowledge products Handbooks ToolkitsAlid li hApplied policy researchSource: TI Strategic Framework 2008-10 (Nov 2007)Strategic goals 2008‐10Strategic goals 200810i.Increaseknowledge productioni. Increase knowledge productionii. Promote anti-corruption norms and principlesiiiEnhance dynamic communication andiii. Enhance dynamic communication and knowledge sharingiv Cultivatestrategic partnershipsiv. Cultivate strategic partnershipsv. Reach a broader base of citizensviMonitor global trendsvi. Monitor global trendsSource: TIStrategic Framework 200810(Nov 2007)Source: TI Strategic Framework 2008-10(Nov 2007)3. CORRUPTION AND GOOD3. CORRUPTION AND GOOD GOVERNANCEConcept: How defined?Concept: How defined?JSNye1967 inHeidenheimerPolitical CorruptionJ.S.Nye1967 in HeidenheimerPolitical Corruption. “Corruption is behavior which deviates from the formal duties of a public role because of private-regarding (personal, close family, private clique) pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of private regarding influence.”  Too limited?  TI Definition: “Th b f t t d f i t i ”“The abuse of entrusted power for private gain.” Too broad?Measures?Measures?1. Judicial records and court cases? Depends upon legal standards and prosecution by the police and judiciary 2. Press reports and content analysis? Depends upon role of journalists as ‘watchdogs’ and ability to discover incidents3. Surveys of the general publicR l ti t d d ithi h tiRelative standards within each nation Public opinion surveys (TI’s eg TI’s Global Corruption Barometer)Focus groupsFocus groups4. Polls of elites Locals and expatriatesPrivate sector and public administratorsPrivate sector and public administratorsTransparency InternationalTransparency International Annual TI Corruption Perceptions Index since 1995 Definition: Public corruption only “The abuse of entrusted power for private gain.” Combines 15 data sources ranking nations  Eg World Economic Forum, Institute for Management Development, Economist Intelligence Unit, Gallup, Freedom House State Capacity Survey World BankFreedom House, State Capacity Survey, World Bank etc. Local residents and/or expatriate expertsLocals may report high corruption due to highLocals may report high corruption due to high standards Expatriates may be biased (Western businessmen)Includes 145 nationsIncludes 145 nationsSimilar standards used?Similar standards used? Institute for Management Developmentgp “Assess whether bribery and corruption prevail or do not prevail in the economy.” Gallup International “How common are bribes to politicians, senior civil servants and judges and how significantcivil servants, and judges and how significant of an obstacle are the costs