Structure1Framing the normative debate:1.Framing the normative debate:  What ideal roles should the news media play to strengthen democratic governance and development?2. Evaluating performance: Under what conditions do the news media succeed (and fail) in these roles?3. Identifying strategic policy optionsh k ff l h What interventions work most effectively to strengthen the roles of the news media? Six stepsPublic Sentinel The News Media and the Governance Agenda Edited Pippa Norris Washington DC: World Bank 2009 Contents List of tables and figures About the contributors Preface and acknowledgments Part I: Introduction: Framing the debate Ch t 1EltidifPi Ni d Si Od b iChapter 1: Evaluating media performance ‐Pippa Norris and Sina Odugbemi Chapter 2: Diagnostic tools an d performance indicators ‐ Andrew Puddenphatt Part II: The democratic roles of media systems Agenda‐setters: setting priorities Chapter 3: Media coverage of natural disasters and humanitarian crises‐ Susan D. Moeller Ch t 4Mdidttidd idDlA BllChapter 4: Media agenda‐setting and donor aid‐Douglas A. van Belle Watch‐dogs: guarding governance Chapter 5: Corruption and the watchdog role of the news media ‐ Sheila Coronel Chapter 6: The media, government accountability, and citizen engagement ‐ Katrin Voltmer Gate‐keepers: inclusive voices Chapter 7: Election campaigns, partisan balance, and the news media ‐ Holli A. SemetkoChapter 8: Limits on press freedom and regime support – Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Chapter 9: Media in peace‐building processes: Ethiopia and Iraq ‐ Monroe Price, Ibrahim al Marashi and and Nicole A. Stremlau Part III: Regional case‐studies of media roles Chapter 10: Central and Eastern Europe ‐ Marius Dragomir Chapter 11: Sub‐Saharan Africa‐ Wisdom TetteyChapter 12: Latin America‐ Silvio Waisbord Chapter 13: Arab States ‐ Lawrence Pintak Chapter 14: Asia – Angela Romano Part IV: Conclusions: Summing up the evidence, identifying effective policy options Chapter 15: Do the news media act as watch‐dogs, agenda‐setters and gate‐keepers? Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris Chapter 16: Policy recommendations ‐ Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris Select bibliography Endnotes Index Strengthening independent mediaggpMultilateralgovermentalorganizationsMultilateral govermentalorganizations Gathering data, setting standards, expanding capacity UNESCO, UNDP, CommGAP/W.BankOSCE, EU, OECD, Asian Development BankOSCE, EU, OECD, Asian Development Bank Bilateral donors –USAID, NORAD, SIDA,  Multilateral NGOsFunding innovation building capacity monitoring human rightFunding innovation, building capacity, monitoring human right Open Society Foundation, BBC World Service Trust, Thomson Foundation, Global Forum for Media Development, IREX, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Omidyar Network, International Center for Journalist, Knight Foundation, Media Development Loan Fund, African Media Initiative, Global Voices, AdessiumFoundation, Freedom House, Committee to Protect Journalism, HRW.1 Id l l1. Ideal rolesNormative framework:The democratic public sphereConstitutional and legal framework protecting civil libertiesPluralistic communication systems facilitating widespread access and the free flow of informationRich and robust civil societyFreedoms of speech, press, assembly, and conscience, and rights of access to informationInterpersonal communicationsMedia systemsInclusive and equal opportunities for participation and voiceWatchdog role Agenda‐setting role GatekeepingroleIdeal media rolesIndividual and collective rolesIndividual and collective roles  Determine cultural norms and values, actions/behavior, and the standards of performance for news professionalsWthdWatch‐dogs 4thestate, guardian of public interest against powerful elites in public and private sectors Agenda‐setters Helps set policy priorities and ensures government responsiveness to social needs. p Gatekeepers Classic agora – inclusive and balanced plurality of voices –all parties groups and sectorsparties, groups, and sectorsConstraints on roles State barriers Constitutional and legal restrictions on freedom of expression Stringent liberal laws, official secrets act Official censorship and use of state propagandaUse of violence harassment intimidation against journalistsUse of violence, harassment, intimidation against journalists State monopolies and state licenses of broadcasting Market failures Severe limits on media competitionp Over‐concentration of media ownership Commercial pressures for ‘soft’ news Professional limits Standards of training, entry and accreditation Role of professional bodies eg journalism associations, press councils, trade unions National culture of journalism 2 Mdi f2. Media performance2.1 Media as watchdogsgTraditional liberal conception as check onTraditional liberal conception as check on powerful; vigilant press is key to accountability and thus good governance Press freedom inhibits corruption E.g. Brunetti and Weder one standard deviation in a country’s level of press freedom generally reduces the level of corruptionlevel of press freedom generally reduces the level of corruption in that country by 0.4 to 0.9 points, on a six‐point scale Media access reduces corruptionEGBd dhth d f di ()E.G. Bandyopadhyay: the degree of media (esp newspapers) and ICT penetration is associated with less corruption Effects conditioned by type of regime?FH Index of Press FreedomFreedom House Press Freedom Index (100 points) in 191 nations 1. The structure of the news‐delivery system:  The laws and administrative decisions and their influence on the content of the news media (0‐15)news media. (0‐15)2. The degree of political influence Control over the content of the news systems. (0‐15)3. The economic influences on news contentby the government or private fy g pentrepreneurs.  Governmental control of newsprint, official advertising, or other financial relationships; or from pressure on media content from market competition in the private sector. (0‐15)4.Actual violations against the media Including murder, physical attack, harassment, and censorship. (0‐5). S Fd H 19922005fdhSource: Freedom House 1992‐2005 www.freedomhouse.orgPress freedom by global regiony g g859085625860708090dex,