Chapter 34 Clade Osteichthyes all verts with bony skeleton Class Actinopterygii ray finned bony fishes most diverse group of verts 27 000 Class Sarcopterygii lobed finned fishes Key distinguishing features from chondrichthyes Bony endoskeleton Operculum bony cover over gills Swim bladder gas or lipid filled structure used for buoyancy control Tetrapods terrestrial verts 4 limbs modified for walking Class amphibian lungs become more important for respiration Class Reptila lungs become most well adapted for terrestrial respiration Class Mammalia Amniotes offspring are protected and nourished by a series of membranes egg Better develops ears for detecting air borne sounds full transition and adaptation to terrestrial existence skin is impermeable retain water greater reliance on lungs Birds adapted for flight Scales modified into feathers lightweight and cover wings to create airfoil Hollow bones light weight Lack teeth Modified lungs facilitate constant gas exchange Lack urinary bladder remove nitrogenous waste as a paste adapted for water conservation Class Mammalia Clade Gnathostamata Osteichtayans Tetrapods Amniotes Endothermic or homeothermic maintain constant body temp internally birds also Ancestral amniote synapsids mammals major adaptive redication starting 65 mya Duysids turtles Mammalia subgroups Monotremes egg laying mammals Marsupials pouch for offspring development Eutherians placental mammals complete offspring development in verts In Australia convergent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the world Chapter 40 animal anatomy and physiology Connection between structure and function Exchange of materials with the environment gas exchange obtaining and converting energy waste removal Complex multicelled organisms Coordinated organ system interact with environment and each other Each cell is surrounded by fluid called interstitial fluid and facilitates diffusion of materials and cellular waste Animal tissue Epithelial covers outside of body and lines body cavities and organs cells are closely joined together found in organs for absorption or secretion Connective tissue functions to bind and support to other structures or tissues sparsely packed cells in an extracellular matrix liquid fibrous jelly like solid 3 types of fibers Collagenous provides strength and flexibility Elastic stretch and snap back to original length Reticular connective tissue cell types fiberoblast secrete the protein that makes fibers macrophyes immune system in bloos 6 types of connective tissue loose connective tissue binds epithelial tissue to underlying tissue layers cartilage strong flexible skeletal support Fibrous connective tissue found on tendons attach muscle to bone and ligaments bone to bone Adipose fatty tissue storage of fat for insulation and energy Blood composed of blood cells and cell fragment in liquid matrix called phema Bone minalized solid matrix forms skeleton and strong support Muscle consists of long cells called muscle fibers Contract in response to nervous stimulation 3 types skeleton muscle voluntary muscle striated muscle cardiac muscle found in heart has intercalated disks propagate nerve signal to send the signal across multiple muscle fibers highly branched Smooth muscle involuntary muscle found in organs responsible for involuntary functions Nervous sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout animals 2 cell types Neuron nerve cell transmit nerve impulses Glial cell nourish insulate the neurons Transmits information from one location of the body to another Information type depend on pathway sensory and motor Fast signaling Endocrine system Chemical based signaling Slower than nerve effects longer lasting Hormones travel in blood Internal condition vs external environment Conformers keep internal condition same as external environment Marine inverts cnidarians jellyfish Regulators uses internal control mechanisms to maintain internal changes in conditions in the face of external environmental fluctuation Homeostasis maintaining at steady state in internal condition parameters are maintained when a stable range of Set point level at which parameter should be maintained Body temp is below above set point detected by sensory nerves brain hypothalamus response to either lower raise temp to set point Negative feedback loops The build up to a set point or the buildup of chemical product when it reaches the appropriate level it will shut down system Bioenergetics overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal how much food does an animal need to survive and carry out various activities locomotion reproduction biosynthesis making your own chemicals and materials Related to an animal s size activity level environment thermoregulation strategy Metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate BMR metabolic rate at rest for an endotherm comfortable temp Requires more energy for comparably sized animals Standard metabolic rate SMR metabolic rate at rest for ectotherm at a particular temp more variable Much lower SMR then endotherm Size and activity level affects SMR and BMR Smaller the size higher the metabolic rate inverse relationship Higher activity duration lower metabolic rate Torpor physiological state where activity level is low and metabolic rate is low energy conservation mechanism when unfavorable conditions or food availability is not favorable Hibernation associated with winter Estivation associated with summer scarcity of water Daily torpor short term Chapter 41 digestion Feeding modes Herbivores primarily eat plant material Carnivores primarily eat other animals Omnivores eat both plant and animal material Animal diet produces Chemical energy ATP powers processes of cells Raw materials C H O N to conduct biosynthesis essential nutrients required by cells and must be obtained from diet Essential nutrients Essential amino acids require 20 amino acids half can be built by cells but other half has to come from diet Essential fatty acids most animals can manufacture few unsaturated fatty acids that have to come from the diet Def are rare Vitamins organic molecules 13 essential vitamins 2 categories water soluble and fat soluble Minerals inorganic molecules Digestion process Ingestion Digestion the breakdown of the food into component molecules mechanically and chemically Mastication chewing Birds crop and perbable to mechanically break up food Starting with the mouth chemical digestion Mouth carbohydrates