Chapter 29 Non vascular plants small and low to ground non woody herbaceous gametophyte as dominate larger part of life cycle reproduction still tied to water gametophyte antheridia sperm are produced archegonia ova egg produced sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte shorter lived produce haploid spores through meiosis Vascular plants have vascular tissue Xylem conducting water and minerals up dead cells tracheids Phloem distributing sugars and organic materials moves downward living cells sieve tubes and companion cells 300 360 mya origins in fossil record Sporophyte more prominent and dominant part of life cycle Features of vascular plants Roots absorbs nutrients and water anchoring system Leaves site of photosynthesis leaf structure compromise between max photosynthesis and min water loss Microphylls spiky single vein Megaphylls broad flat max surface for photosynthesis highly branched vein system Sporophyll leaves that have sporangia attached spores will be produced seedless vascular plants fern several sporophylls growing together in a cone strobili Homosporous one type of spore produced seedless vascular plants Heterosporous two type of spores produced Megaspore female gametophyte egg Microspore male gametophyte sperm Seedless vascular plants Phylum Lycophyta Phylum Pterophyta Chapter 30 Seed bearing plants Reduced gametophyte developed within the walls of spores and they retain within the tissue of the sporophyte Heterosporous Megaspore female Microspore male Ovules egg is located zygote enclosed seed Pollen male gametophyte hold sperm wind dispersal and animal dispersal Gymnosperms Appear in fossil record 360 mya Dominant during Mesozoic era Cone bearing conifers naked seeds Better suited for drier conditions seed vascular tissue and leaf structure conserve water Phylum Cycadophyta sago palms separate male and female plants Phylum Ginkophyta 1 representive Gingko biloba separate male and female plants Phylum Gnetophyta long lived drier environments Ephedra Phylum Coniferophyta pines firs redwood male and female on same plant Angiosperms 250 000 species Flowers and fruits Seeds contained inside fruit Ovules seeds Ovary fruit Originated 140 mya Phylum Anthophyta Flower is reproductive structure Sepals modified leaves at base of flower enclose flower Petals modified leaves colorful attract pollinators Stamens male Anther pollen production Filament Carpel female Stigma Style Ovary ovules Fruits Develops from ovary and sometimes other structures Design of fruit is adapted for dispersal fleshy eaten dry wind water hitching ride double fertilization pollen grain carries 2 sperm 1 sperm fertilize the egg 1 sperm combines with central cell 2 ovules endosperm 3n Phylum Anthophyta Basal Angiosperms more primitive include water lilies Magnolids some primitive characteristics and some advance characteristics as well Monocots majority of angiosperms 1 cotyledon flower petals multiples of 3 Eudicots majority of angiosperms 2 cotyledon flower petals multiple of 4 or5 Embryonic leaf cotyledon Figure 30 12 Seed germination Seed becomes dormant for days months or years Seed becomes dehydrated low metabolic activity allows embryo to survive unfavorable conditions Seed breaks dormancy due to various environmental cues changes in temp light moisture increase Imbibition seed takes up water seed swells and bursts seed coat allows influx O2 cellular respiration energy for cell division and growth Seeds are a product of sexual reproduction Seed plants can also reproduce by asexual reproduction Fragmentation parts of a plant can be removed and then grown into a new plant African violets Single root system give rise to many above ground shorts Grafting attach a plant part to another plant and it will start to grow with new plant Plant structure and function Organ system Root system roots below ground Shoot system Stem nodes lateral projections and internodes top of the stem terminal bud allows for elongation of plant and leaves above ground root function anchoring absorption of water and nutrients root hairs increase surface area stores excess sugar and organic products stem function structural support attachment of leaves and reproduction structures transport photosynthesis and storage sugars or water leaves function photosynthesis storage sugars or water minerals thin flattened portion blade stem for attachment to main stem petiole increased surface area most cells are exposed to sun plant tissue dermal outer surface of plant protection vascular xylem and phloem transport of materials ground storage photosynthesis structural support plant cells parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma water conducting cells of xylem tracheids and vessels sugar conducting cells of phloem sieve tubes and companion cells figure 35 10 pg 744 745 plant growth 1 Addition of new cells 2 Cell expansion 3 Cell differentiation specialization meristems specialized regions of plant where cells are actually dividing apical meristems located at terminal bud and tip of root system allows for overall elongation of the plant primary growth lateral meristems cambium ring of a single layer of cells contributes to secondary growth increase width of stem secondary growth vascular cambium gives rise to xylem and phloem cork cambium corated just outside of a 2 0 phloem and gives rise to peridermal bark 2 0 cork cambium periderm transpiration movement of water molecules typically from roots to leaves when stomata are open to let in CO2 water is lost 90 creates concentration gradient where water potential is lowest in the leaves and highest in the roots evapotranspiration in arid or drought conditions close stomata during the day open them at night stomata are located on underside of leaf and sometimes surrounded by hair like projections or located in pits or depressions waxy cuticle translocation phloem sap movement of sugars from a sugar source leaves sugar sink roots fruit sucrose kingdom Animalia life cycle is dominated by diploid stage key similarities in embryonic development fertilization diploid zygote cleavage hollow ball of cells blastula inward movement of cells gastrulation coel space carty have Hox genes control body form and part placement gastrulation creating beginning of digestion tract and embryonic tissue layers endoderm and ectoderm taxonomy of kingdom Animalia historically based on morphology and development recently incorporation of molecular data body plan symmetry body cavity differences in cleavage differences in