Respiratory SystemRespiratory systemSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Upper respiratory systemSlide 8Respiratory EpitheliumMucus MembraneNasal cavity FunctionsSlide 12Filter SystemMucus Membrane & CiliaHighly VascularizedWarms & moistens AirAir FlowNasal ConchaNasal CavitySensory SystemModified EpitheliumModified Cilia of Olfactory ReceptorsSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Olfactory FatigueParanasal SinusesSlide 28Paranasal Sinus FunctionsSlide 30Sinus InfectionCapsicin & ColdsPharynxNasoPharynxSlide 35AdenoidsEustachian TubeLower Respiratory SystemLarynxSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42GlottisEpiglottisProtectionSlide 46Automatic ReflexLarynx Made of 9 CartilagesLaryngeal cartilageLaryngeal cartilage- Thyroid & CricoidLaryngeal cartilage- ArytenoidPhonationSlide 53Vocal CordsPhonation- Vestibular fold & True Vocal CordsSound ModificationTracheaTrachea StructureSlide 59Slide 60Trachea FunctionCiliated mucous membraneSlide 63Slide 64CarinaBronchi StructureBronchiSlide 68Bronchi treeBronchi treeBronchusSlide 72Slide 73Folds for collapsibilityBronchioleSlide 76Slide 77Terminal BronchioleSlide 79Slide 80Respiratory BronchiolesSlide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86AsthmaSlide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91LungsLungAlveoli StructureSlide 95Slide 96Type IType II aka Septal CellMacrophagesMacrophages “Eat” Debris & BacteriaSlide 101Slide 102Alveoli FunctionSlide 104Gas ExchangeSlide 106AlveoliAlveolar CapillariesSlide 109Slide 110Respiratory MembraneSlide 112Diffusion distanceRespirationSlide 115VentilationMuscles Associated with BreathingDiaphragmSlide 119Slide 120Serous membranesSlide 122BreathingSlide 124Slide 125Slide 126Systemic RespirationSlide 128Neural controlSlide 130Lung diseaseSlide 132Slide 133EmphysemaSlide 135Slide 136Smoking is the leading cause of death in AmericaSlide 138Slide 139Slide 140PneumoniaHiccupSlide 143Slide 144Respiratory System Chapter 24Respiratory systemRespiratory system•Functions in respiratory gas exchange between air & blood•Moves Air•Delivers oxygen to cells•Removes carbon dioxide from cell–Product of cellular respiration•Defense–Respiratory epithelium•Sound production- phonation•Regulation –Blood volume, blood pressure, fluid pHRespiratory systemRespiratory system•Organized by location–Upper respiratory system–lower respiratory system•Organized by function–Conducting –RespiratoryUpper respiratory system•Structurally comprised of–Nasal cavity–Paranasal sinus–Pharynx•Functionally–Filter, warm, humidifyUpper respiratory systemRespiratory EpitheliumMucus MembraneNasal cavity Functions•Air preparation–Filters inhaled particulates•Nose hair•mucus–Warm air to body temperature•Highly vascularized–Humidifies- mucus membrane•Prevents desiccation & damage•Provide environment for efficient gas exchange•Olfactory sensations–Smell receptors•Air circulated by turbinal bones–Increases surface areaFilter SystemExternal NaresMucus Membrane & CiliaHighly VascularizedWarms & moistens AirAir FlowNasal Concha•Increase Surface area•Circulate airNasal CavitySensory SystemModified EpitheliumModified Cilia of Olfactory ReceptorsOlfactory Fatigue•Binding sites on olfactory receptors are saturated and are not cleared •Stop transmitting signal•Mechanisms for “clearing signal”Paranasal Sinuses•Mucous membrane lined cavities in skull bones•Found in skull bones–Frontal–Sphenoid–Maxillary–ethmoidParanasal SinusesParanasal Sinus Functions•Aid in phonation–Production of sound–Resonate sound to produce tone•Aid in humidification•Reduces skull weight•Produce mucus that drains into nasal cavity- cleansSinus InfectionCapsicin & ColdsPharynx•Conveys ingested & inhaled substances•Nasopharynx- superior region•Houses:–Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)•Posterior lateral wall•Immune tissue–Auditory tube (Eustachian) opening•Lateral wall•Equalizes middle ear pressure•Route for ear infections–Children short, narrow, horizontalNasoPharynxAdenoids•Immune function•Recede in adultsEustachian Tube•Equalizes pressure in middle ear•Drains mucusLower Respiratory System•Conducts•Comprised of–Larynx–Trachea–BronchiLarynx•Aka Voice box, Adam’s Apple•Structure–Glottis•Opening into larynx–Epiglottis•Shoe-horn shaped elastic cartilage•Functions–Protected entrance into lower respiratory structures•Prevents passage of Food/liquid into respiratory structures–Phonation •Sound productionLarynxLarynxGlottisEpiglottisProtectionAutomatic ReflexLarynx Made of 9 CartilagesLaryngeal cartilage•Thyroid cartilage–Largest laryngeal cartilage–Anterior, lateral, shield•Cricoid Cartilage–Ring shaped•Arytenoid cartilage–Regulates vocal cord tension–Changes sound pitch (tone)Laryngeal cartilage- Thyroid & CricoidLaryngeal cartilage-ArytenoidPhonation•Vocal folds (cords)–Produce initial sounds by vibrations–Fibrous structures covered with mucus membrane•Vestibular folds–Protects vocal cord•Sound modified & refined–Pharynx, paranasal sinus, nasal & oral cavity (lips & teeth)Vocal CordsPhonation- Vestibular fold & True Vocal Cordshttp://oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au/CP3/Images/Vocal_chords/cord_movie.htmlSound ModificationTrachea•Aka Wind pipe•4.5” flexible tube•Anterior to esophagus•Supported by “C” shaped hyaline cartilage–Prevents collapseTrachea StructureTrachea StructureTrachea Function•Conducts air toward lungs•Prepares air–Filters–Warms–humidifies•Ciliated mucous membrane–Ciliary ladder–Mucus lining traps particles –Cilia moves particle laden mucus up –Swallowed•Branches to both lungs–Rt & Lt primary BronchiCiliated mucous membraneCarinaBronchi Structure•Branching of trachea–Carina•Internal ridge at bronchi entrance•Supported with “C” shaped cartilage rings•Right bronchus–Shorter, wider, more vertical–More prone to aspirations–Divides into 3 secondary bronchi•Left bronchus–Divides into 2 secondary bronchiBronchiBronchiBronchi tree•Primary bronchi & all successive branches found within lungs•Secondary bronchi–Enter each lung lobe–3 in rt, 2 in lt•Tertiary bronchi–Enter a bronchopulmonary segment–Supported by cartilage plate–10 in rt, 8-9 in ltBronchi treeBronchus•Airway that contains cartilage plates–Reinforces wall of bronchus–Permits flexibility•As decrease in size cartilage plates become reduced and smooth muscle increases•Collapsible wallBronchiBronchusFolds for