Lab 1 – Introduction Rev. 4 Bio47 - Human Anatomy11Name: ____________________________________________Introduction / TerminologyObjectives :1. Obtain an understanding of anatomy and the subdivisions which comprise the major disciplines in thestudy of the structure of the human body2. Obtain an understanding of the generalized body structure3. Mastery of Anatomical terms : Body Regions, Planes of section, Directional Terms, Body Cavities4. Understanding of serous membranes and their significanceI. Anatomy : Human Anatomy is the scientific discipline concerned with the organization and structure ofthe human body. The term anatomy originates from its Greek roots meaning literally to “cut up.”Anatomy was born from the discoveries of these early anatomists. Since their study was limited toobservations made available through the dismemberment of unfortunate individuals, their study wasconfined to only those structures discernable with the naked eye; large, visible, dissectible, physicalattributes. Today this aspect of anatomy is described as Macroscopic (large) or Gross Anatomy. As withall other scientific disciplines, the study of anatomy has paralleled technology. Unlike the early anatomistswhich were limited to structures they could see with the unaided eye, today anatomists go beyondelucidating just macroscopic structures and include the descriptions and understanding of structures visiblethrough the use of technology. Anatomy today includes structures which are discernible through the use ofhighly advanced microscopic and computerized digital equipment, such as electron microscopes, CT scans(Computerized Tomography), and MRI’s (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). We will begin ourunderstanding of the structure of the human body with the smallest structural unit of life, the cell. Thisstudy of cell and cellular function is referred to as Cytology. It will serve the same purpose in our studiesas it does in the body; it will form the framework onto which we will build our understanding of Anatomy. Anatomy is more than just observing the physical structure of the body and body parts. The goal ofanatomy is to be able to discern the plausible function in the structure. The beauty and the challenge ofanatomy is to be able to determine the functional significance for a specific structural design. Beneathevery structural design in lies the function. It is through the understanding of anatomy that we will buildthe foundation for our understanding the function, or the Physiology, of the human body.II. Divisions of Anatomy : Anatomy is a broad field of study consisting of several divisions or sub-disciplines. Each division of anatomy specializes on a specific aspect of the body’s arrangement. Thesedivisions are outlined below :1. Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy : Study of structures which can be seen with an unaided eye.a. Surface Anatomy : Study of the general form and superficial markings of the body.b. Systemic Anatomy : Study of 11 specific body systems (ie ; Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous Systems)c. Regional Anatomy : Study of specific regions of the body, including all tissues residing within theregion (ie ; Upper extremity, head & neck, abdominal region).2. Microscopic Anatomy : Study of structures which cannot be seen without the aide of magnifyingequipment. a. Cytology : (Cyto = cell) Study of the internal structure of individual cells.b. Histology : (Histo = tissue) Study of the structure of groups of cells and how they interact to formfunctional tissues.3. Specialized Anatomical Study :a. Developmental Anatomy : Study of the structural changes in the form of and individual from thefertilized egg to the mature adult. Embryology is a sub-branch of developmental anatomy.b. Medical / Radiological : Study of the characteristic changing in anatomy during disease. / Studyof anatomical features visible which radiographic technology.Lab 1 – Introduction Rev. 4 Bio47 - Human Anatomy2III. Generalized Body Structure : The human body is not a solid mass of cells, but rather one largehollow structure (trunk), subdivided into smaller spaces. Within these hollow spaces (cavities), specializedorgans are contained. The extremities, while advantageous to have are not explicitly necessary, servingsimply to move the body in its surrounding or the surrounding around the body. The head sits atop thetrunk surveying the internal and external environments making the necessary adjustments to ensurecontinued body function.A. Body Divisions : On a very basic level, the body can be divided into three main divisions;1. Body Wall : The structures forming the framework of the body, supporting and enclosing vitalorgans. The skin, skeleton, and skeletal muscles are all components of the body wall. The head,arms, and legs will be considered specialized modifications of the body wall.2. Body Cavities : The internal spaces within the body wall are filled with the body’s organs. Thelargest body cavity is the Ventral (abdominal side) Cavity. This cavity is further divided into theThoracic Cavity, housing the heart and lungs, and the Abdominopelvic Cavity, housing the abdominaland pelvic organs (stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, reproductive structures). Body cavities aresignificant because they function to protect and house the internal organs, while still allowing themthe freedom of movement. The heart would be very ineffective in pumping blood if it were housed ina solid tissue unable to move and beat.3. Organs : Structures within the body capable of specific functions. Organs can be found 1)contained within the body cavities (heart, liver), 2) as a component of the body wall (skeletal muscle,bone), or 3) transiting between the two (blood vessels, nerves). B. Body Systems : Together, the body wall, cavities, and organs interact to form a beautifully constructedhuman structure. Body organs which function to perform a similar function are grouped together as abody systems, responsible for accomplishing specific essential tasks. There are eleven body systems whichcomprise the human body.1. Integumentary System : Forms the outermost part of the body wall(the skin) parts: epidermis,