N Norris – last revised 08/01/13 Biology 47 – Human Anatomy Biology 47 – Human Anatomy West Valley College - Norris Lecture Outline - Muscle I. Three types of muscle tissue A. Skeletal (striated, voluntary) B. Cardiac (striated, involuntary) C. Visceral or Smooth (nonstriated, involuntary) 1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle 2. Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle II. Basic Functions of Muscle A. Movement (primary) B. Maintain Posture C. Heat Generation D. Guard Openeings E. Support Soft Tissues III. General Characteristics of Muscle A. Excitability B. Contractility C. Extensibility D. Elasticity IV. Skeletal Muscle Gross Structure / Anatomy - each muscle is an organ A. Modular Anatomy - divided by connective tissue sheaths called fascia 1. Muscle (anatomically distinct organ) a. Epimysium – surounds muscle 2. Fascicles - bundles of muscle fibers a. Perimysium – surrounds fascicles 3. Muscle Fibers (muscle cells) a. Endomysium - surrounds muscle fibers (cells) B. Arrangement of Fascicles 1. Parallel (straplike or fusiform) 2. Pennate 3. Convergent (triangular) 4. Circular (sphincter) C. Attachments - fascia are continuous with fascia throughout the body and it is via these fascia that muscles are attached to bone 1. Direct Attachment 2. Indirect Attachment a. tendons b. aponeurosisN Norris – last revised 08/01/13 Biology 47 – Human Anatomy V. Skeletal Muscle Microscopic Structure / Anatomy A. Basic Cell Structure B. Sarcolemma (plasma membrane) - transverse tubules (t-tubules) C. Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) 1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) 2. Myofibrils a. I band b. A band c. H band d. M line e. Z line f. Myofilaments (cytoskeleton) - thick filaments - bundles of myosin proteins - thin filaments – 3 proteins actin troponin tropomyosin 3. Mitochondria VI. Additional Concepts A. Blood Supply B. Fiber Types a. slow twitch b. fast twitch c. intermediate VII. Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction (in breif) A. Sliding Filament Theory 1. Actin-Myosin Interaction B. Activation of Muscular Contraction 1. Anatomy of the Synapse a. neuromuscular junction b. neuron terminal c. synaptic cleft d. motor end plate e. motor unitsN Norris – last revised 08/01/13 Biology 47 – Human Anatomy VIII. Smooth Muscle A. Structure / Anatomy 1. Filament Arrangement 2. Gap Junctions B. Types of Smooth Muscle (named for functional characteristics) 1. Single Unit 2. Multiple Unit IX. Cardiac Muscle - to be covered in detail at a later time A. Structure / Anatomy 1. Intercalated Disks X. Clinical Significance (FYI) A. atrophy / hypertrophy B. strain / sprain C. cramp / spasm D. myasthenia gravis E. muscular dystrophy F. Multiple Schlerosis G. rigor mortis XI. Additional Key Terms aerobic anaerobic ATP atrophy creatine phosphate hypertrophy isometric isotonic tetanus
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