ObjectivesObjectives (continued)Why You Need to Know Aboutthe History of ComputingAncient HistoryPascal and Leibniz Start the Wheel RollingJoseph JacquardCharles BabbageHerman HollerithProgression of Computer ElectronicsWartime Research DrivesTechnological InnovationENIAC and EDVACENIAC AND EDVAC (continued)The Computer Era Begins:The First GenerationUNIVACIBM (Big Blue)Transistors in the Second GenerationCircuit Boards in the Third GenerationTime-SharingLiving in the ‘70s with the Fourth GenerationThe Personal Computer RevolutionIntelThe Altair 8800Enter Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and MicrosoftThe Microcomputer Begins to EvolveAn Apple a day…IBM Offers the PCMS-DOSThe Apple Macintosh Raises the BarOther PCs (and One Serious OSCompetitor) Begin to EmergeThe Latest Generation (Fifth)The InternetLANs and WANs and other ANsSuper Software and the WebThe Microsoft Era and MoreWhat About the Future?One Last ThoughtSummarySummary (continued)Summary (continued)Connecting with Computer Science 2Objectives• Learn why today almost everyone is a computer operator• Learn about the predecessors of modern computer hardware and software• Trace the development of computer hardware and software through several generationsConnecting with Computer Science 3Objectives (continued)• Learn that sometimes good ideas flop and bad ones survive• Meet some interesting figures—some famous, some infamous, some wealthy, and some obscure• See some issues facing modern computingConnecting with Computer Science 4Why You Need to Know Aboutthe History of Computing• Computers are everywhere– Communication device – Tool for artists, architects, and designers– Information archive– Entertainment device– Trains, planes, automobiles• What caused the revolution? • What lies ahead?Connecting with Computer Science 5Ancient History• Origins of computer in ancient Assyria– Tablets with arithmetic/trigonometric solutions – Math solves societal and personal problems• Drivers of mathematical development– Property ownership and the need to measure – Vertical construction and the pyramids – Navigation and the need to control time• Computers do mathConnecting with Computer Science 6Pascal and Leibniz Start the Wheel Rolling• Paper, wood, stone, papyrus tables, abacuses as “computers”• 1622: invention of slide rule • 1642: invention of mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal• 1694: Leibniz Wheel expands arithmetic operationsConnecting with Computer Science 7Joseph Jacquard• Invents programmable loom in 1801– Jacquard loom weaves patterns in fabric– Allows input and storage of parameters – Selection pins oriented with punch cards– Similarities with player piano • Concept of the stored programConnecting with Computer Science 8Connecting with Computer Science 9Charles Babbage• Invents Difference Engine in 1823– Device adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides• Designs Analytical Engine – Components of modern computer• Input and output devices, memory and CPU – Not built due to lack of funds • Collaborates with Ada Lovelace Byron– Attribution of program loop concept – Ada programming language namesakeConnecting with Computer Science 10Herman Hollerith• Invents electromechanical counter in 1880s– Serves tabulation role in 1890 US census– Machine uses punch cards as input– Single-purpose machine • Company created around technology becomes IBM– IBM rolls out multi-purpose Mark I in 1944– Mark I rapidly made obsolete by vacuum tubesConnecting with Computer Science 11Connecting with Computer Science 12Progression of Computer Electronics• Charles Sanders Peirce extends work of Boole– Electric switches emulate the true/false conditions of Boolean algebra – Benjamin Burack implements concepts in 1936 logic machine• John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry build computer using vacuum tubes• World War II as developmental turning pointConnecting with Computer Science 13Wartime Research DrivesTechnological Innovation• Military need: trajectory tables for weapons testing – U.S. Navy Board of Ordinance helps fund Mark I– U.S. Army funds ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)• ENIAC runs 1000 times faster than Mark I • ENIAC and Mark I too late to assist in war effortConnecting with Computer Science 14ENIAC and EDVAC• ENIAC’s overhead – Loud and large at 30 tons: fills a huge basement – 18,000 vacuum tubes need constant attention– 6,000 switches need for arithmetic operations • ENIAC’s strengths – Performs arithmetic and logic operations– Made multi-purpose with symbolic variables • ENIAC’S other weaknesses – Could not modify program contents – Had to be programmed externallyConnecting with Computer Science 15Connecting with Computer Science 16ENIAC AND EDVAC (continued)• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) created in 1944– Recognized as the Von Neumann machine – Superior model for descendant computers – Operation governed by program in memory– Programs could be modified – Stored program concept: programs reusable • The British response: Colossus – Colossus helps crack German U-boat Enigma code – All machines destroyed by 1960sConnecting with Computer Science 17Connecting with Computer Science 18The Computer Era Begins:The First Generation• 1950s: First Generation for hardware and software– Vacuum tubes worked as memory for the machine– Data written to magnetic drums and magnetic tapes– Paper tape and data cards handled input– The line printer made its appearance • Software separates from hardware and evolves – Instructions written in binary or machine code – Assembly language: first layer of abstraction – Programmers split into system and application engineersConnecting with Computer Science 19Connecting with Computer Science 20UNIVAC• UNIVAC: first commercially viable computer – US Census Bureau is first customer – Faces skepticism from Howard Aiken, Mark I builder• UNIVAC and the 1952 Presidential election – Successfully predicts outcome during CBS broadcast– Quickly adopted by all major news networkConnecting with Computer Science 21IBM (Big Blue)• IBM dominates mainframe market by the 1960s – Strong sales culture – Controlled 70 percent of the market • IBM vision – Sharp focus on a few products– Leverage existing business relationships – Introduce scalable (and hence flexible) systems – Lease systems with 10
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