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Radford ITEC 110 - Lecture Notes

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Objectives Objectives (continued)Why You Need to Know About... Databases Database ApplicationsBrief History of Database Management SystemsBrief History of Database Management Systems (continued)Database Management System Fundamentals Database Concepts IndexesIndexes (continued)Indexes (continued)NormalizationPreparing For Normalization: Gathering Columns Preparing For Normalization: Gathering Columns (continued) First Normal FormSecond Normal FormSecond Normal Form (continued)Second Normal Form (continued)Third Normal FormThird Normal Form (continued)The Database Design ProcessStep 1— Investigate And DefineStep 2 — Make a Master Column ListStep 3 — Create the TablesStep 4 - Work On Relationships Step 4 - Work On Relationships (continued)Step 4 - Work On Relationships (continued)Step 5 - Analyze The Design Step 5 - Analyze The Design (continued)Step 6 - Reevaluate Structured Query Language (SQL) Structured Query Language (SQL) (continued)CREATE TABLE StatementCREATE TABLE Statement (continued)INSERT Statement SELECT Statement WHERE Clause ORDER BY Clause ORDER BY Clause (continued)SummarySummary (continued)Summary (continued)Connecting with Computer Science2Objectives • Consider the widespread use of databases• Take a brief tour of database development history• Learn basic database concepts• Be introduced to popular database management software• See how normalization makes your data more organizedConnecting with Computer Science3Objectives (continued)• Explore the database design process• Understand data relationships• Gain an understanding of Structured Query Language (SQL)• Learn some common SQL commandsConnecting with Computer Science4Why You Need to Know About...Databases• Data must be organized for consumption• Effective computer scientists know database design• Normalization: multi-step database design process• Structured Query Language (SQL): interface for storing, modifying, retrieving dataConnecting with Computer Science5Database Applications• Database– Data structure built out of logical relations – Affords data manipulations through queries • Database applications are pervasive– Range: from human genome to space shuttle missions• Databases important for both living daily life and doing computer scienceConnecting with Computer Science6Brief History of Database Management Systems• 1970 – 1975– Work of IBM employees E.F. Codd and C.J. Date • Create theoretical model for database structures• Model has become foundation for database design – Software for organizing and sorting data • System R by IBM and Ingres by UC-Berkeley• Deploy Structured Query Language (SQL)• SQL has become database standard • Database management system (DBMS) for PCsConnecting with Computer Science7Brief History of Database Management Systems (continued)• 1970 – 1975 (continued) – Wayne Ratliff of Martin-Marietta develops Vulcan • 1980 – present – Vulcan renamed dBASE II (there is no dBase I)– Popularity of dBASE II inspires other companies • Paradox, Microsoft Access, or FoxPro– Databases become essential for business• Corporate decision making• Systems: inventory management to customer supportConnecting with Computer Science8Database Management System Fundamentals• Six main functions of a DBMS:– Manage database security– Manage access of multiple users to the database– Manage database backup and recovery– Ensure data integrity– Provide an end-user interface with the database– Provide or interface with a query language to extract information from the databaseConnecting with Computer Science9Database Concepts• Basic elements of a database– Database: collection of one or more tables (entities) – Table: divided into rows and columns (spreadsheet)– Row (record or tuple): collection of columns– Column (field or attribute)• Represents specific information • Set of possible column values is called domain– Index (order): facilitates information accessConnecting with Computer Science10Connecting with Computer Science11Indexes• Index: data structure that organizes records according to specific column(s)• Examples: music database and telephone book• Chief advantages – Flexibility: many different columns to sort against– Searching and retrieval are sped up • Chief disadvantages– Extra storage space– Updating takes longerConnecting with Computer Science12Indexes (continued)• An example of indexing: grocery store shoppingConnecting with Computer Science13Indexes (continued)• Information in a database kept in sequential order • Key: column(s) used to determine sort order– Sort grocery items by UPC column as key– Sort grocery items by Brand_Name and Description• Media used to manipulate or view data– Reports, forms, labels, low-level file I/O, source codeConnecting with Computer Science14Connecting with Computer Science15Connecting with Computer Science16Normalization• Normalization– Standard set of rules for database design – Process: sequence of stages called normal forms• There are five normal forms• Third normal form provides sufficient structure• Three database design problems solved– Representation of certain real-world items– Redundancies (repetitions) in data– Excluded and inconsistent informationConnecting with Computer Science17Preparing For Normalization: Gathering Columns• Make a list of all pertinent fields (columns or attributes)– Source of fields: end user reports; e.g., Song inventory• Write fields on your column list• Review the input forms that the user has specified • Each field from report converted to column in tableConnecting with Computer Science18Connecting with Computer Science19Preparing For Normalization: Gathering Columns (continued)• Reconcile fields in report to column list• Create tables of columns – Combine associated fields– Logically group related information – Example: Information on artist and song files• Gather data to create physical music databaseConnecting with Computer Science20Connecting with Computer Science21First Normal Form• Unnormalized table: row-column intersection with two or more values• First normal form (1NF): eliminates redundancies– Create a new record for the duplicated column– Fill in blanks so all columns in record have a value– Columns with duplications: the Album_Num, Album_Name, Artist_Code, Artist_Name, Media_Type, and Genre_Code • Remaining


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Radford ITEC 110 - Lecture Notes

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