Slide 1Operant Applications: Zoo LifeOperant Applications: EducationOperant Applications: EducationOperant Applications: EducationOperant Applications: OBMOperant Applications: Self-Injurious BehaviorsSlide 8Operant Applications: Self-ControlOperant Applications: DelusionsOperant Applications: AwarenessOperant Applications: Insightful Problem SolvingSlide 13Operant Applications: CreativityOperant Applications: Learned HelplessnessOperant Applications: Learned HelplessnessOperant Applications: Excessive GamblingOperant Applications: SuperstitionOperant Applications: Verbal BehaviorSlide 20Operant Applications and InterpretationsChapter 8Operant Applications: Zoo Life•Used in zoos to provide veterinary care with less intrusion or aversive methods•Less risky and more humane method of careAnimal HusbandryAnimal Husbandry•Markowitz let animals forage for foodZoo enrichmentZoo enrichmenthttp://www.behavior.org/resources/458.pdfOperant Applications: EducationLearning and Behavior, Sixth Edition by Paul ChanceCopyright © 2009 Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Reinforcement (praise) of good behaviors and extinction (ignoring) of disruptive behaviors to control the classroomOperant Applications: Educationhttp://www.morningsideacademy.org/about/indepth.htmlHelps students that are getting behindShown to advance students two academic years in one school yearKey element is reinforcement in the form of feedback and praise for good workClick on heading to go to websiteClick on heading to go to websiteOperant Applications: EducationAthletic training?http://www.tagteach.com/Click on heading to go to websiteOperant Applications: OBMTheoretical and Conceptual Background “Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) is a sub-discipline of ABA, which is the application of the science of behavior. ABA emphasizes the use of operant and respondent procedures to produce behavior change. … OBM is guided by a single theory of human behavior and has historically emphasized identification and modification of the environmental variables that affect directly observable or verifiable employee performance (Bucklin, Alvero, Dickinson, Austin, & Jackson, 2000).”Performance ManagementBehavior Systems AnalysisBehavior-based SafetyAreas of OBM applicationhttp://www.obmnetwork.com/what_is_obm/definition_description_common_applicationsOperant Applications: Self-Injurious BehaviorsTreating AutismLovaas (1969)•Found that painful, harmless punishment could quickly suppress long-standing injurious behaviorLovaas (1969)•Found that painful, harmless punishment could quickly suppress long-standing injurious behaviorHughes, Tarpley, & Stephen (1979)•Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) can reduce self-injurious behavior (SIB)•Accomplished w/o punishmentHughes, Tarpley, & Stephen (1979)•Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) can reduce self-injurious behavior (SIB)•Accomplished w/o punishmentCarr & McDowell (1980)•Reduced attention maintained scratching by having the parents combine punishment (time-out from positive reinforcement); and rewards weekly for reduction in sores on bodyCarr & McDowell (1980)•Reduced attention maintained scratching by having the parents combine punishment (time-out from positive reinforcement); and rewards weekly for reduction in sores on bodyDemonstrates Lovaas’s theoryThis is a video showing how Applied Behavior Analysis is used to teach autistic children verbal skillsOperant Applications: Self-ControlPhysical restraintPhysical restraintPhysically preventing the unwanted behavior from occurringPhysically preventing the unwanted behavior from occurringDistancingDistancingStaying away from circumstances and environments that will prompt undesired behaviorStaying away from circumstances and environments that will prompt undesired behaviorMonitoring BehaviorMonitoring BehaviorRecording instances of undesired behavior will often lead to a reduction in that behaviorRecording instances of undesired behavior will often lead to a reduction in that behaviorInform others of your goalInform others of your goalElicits social support and may change other peoples’ behavior in a way that will change our behaviorElicits social support and may change other peoples’ behavior in a way that will change our behaviorSelf-controlThe tendency to do things now that affect our later behaviorImmediate vs Delayed ConsequencesOperant Applications: Delusions•Layng & Andronis–Patient complained her head was falling off–Staff would sit and calm her–Had trouble with conversation with staff otherwise–Woman learned appropriate ways to staff without a negative reaction and delusion disappearedDelusionsA persistent false psychotic belief that is maintained despite evidence to the contraryMerriam WebsterSometimes organic, other times may be a function of reinforcementOperant Applications: AwarenessSelf-awarenessObserving one’s own behaviorAllows us to behave more effectivelyOperant Applications: Insightful Problem SolvingIs an ah ha moment really a moment or a process?Harlow demonstrated that insight was an “evolutionary” process. In his research with children and chimps there was no sudden bursts of insight, instead a gradual improvement in performance due to reinforcement of correct choices.How do new solutions arise if they have never been reinforced?Learning and Behavior, Sixth Edition by Paul ChanceCopyright © 2009 Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Operant Applications: Creativity•Pryor–Shaped creativity in a dolphin’s performance•Chambers–Studied kids creativity with blocks –Reinforced originality–Praise resulted in twice as many different constructional forms being produced by children in the experimental group “If you want creative behavior, then reward creative behavior, not merely the performance of a task”CreativityTo be creative, it must be novelOperant Applications: Learned HelplessnessOperant Applications: Learned HelplessnessOperant Applications: Excessive GamblingGambling habits are maintained on intermittent schedules of reinforcementOperant Applications: Superstition•Skinner–When the first reinforcer arrived the bird had to be doing something which got reinforced Superstitious BehaviorAny behavior that occurs even though it does not produce its intended consequences Adventitious (coincidental) reinforcementOperant