Slide 1Slide 2Natural SelectionNatural SelectionNatural SelectionMutationsReflexesReflexesModal Action Patterns (MAP)Modal Action Patterns (MAP)General Behavior TraitsGeneral Behavior TraitsLimitations of Natural SelectionLearning: Evolved ModifiabilitySlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20BehaviorWhat Changes Behavior?What changes in behavior are NOT learning?What Qualifies As LearningNature VIA NurtureNature VIA NurtureBonobo videoChange is the only constant.~LucretiusIntroduction: Learning to ChangeChapter 1Natural Selectionhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Natural_selectionIt is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction are favored than less beneficial traits. Originally proposed by Charles Darwin, natural selection is the process that results in the evolution of organismNatural SelectionVariation in Traits•For example, some beetles are green and some are brown. Differential Reproduction•The environment can't support unlimited population growth•Not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential. •Green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than brown beetles do. Heredity•The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis. End Result•The more advantageous trait, brown coloration, which allows the beetle to have more offspring, becomes more common in the population. •If it continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that.http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25Natural Selectionhttp://youtu.be/LyRA807djLcEvolution of the Peppered MothMutationsDNA fails to copy accurately•Most are "naturally-occurring" •A cell divides and makes a copy of its DNA •Sometimes the copy is not quite perfect•That small difference from the original DNA sequence is a mutationExternal influences can create mutations•Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation•These agents cause the DNA to break down. •Not necessarily unnatural•When the cell repairs the DNA, it might not do a perfect job of the repair. •End up with DNA slightly different than the original DNA and hence, a mutationhttp://evolution.berkeley.eduReflexesA relationship between a specific event and a simple response to that eventProtectiveConsummatoryHighly stereotypic – consistent in form, frequency, strength, and time of appearance during developmentReflexeshttp://youtu.be/Kfu0FAAu-10Modal Action Patterns (MAP)A series of interrelated acts found in all or nearly all members of a species. Fixed action patternSpecies specific behaviorSpecies typical behaviorInstinctsModal Action Patterns (MAP)Initiated by certain events called releasers or releasing stimuli.General Behavior TraitsInitiated by large variety of stimuli Activity level Aggression IntroversionAnxietyHordingSexual PracticesGeneral Behavior TraitsThe Silver Fox ExperimentLimitations of Natural SelectionLEARNING: EVOLVED MODIFIABILITYWhat happens when the environment changes?Die offChange in accordanceLearningLearning is a biological mechanism for coping with changes in the environment within the lifetime of the individualThe ability to learn evolved because it increased survivabilityWhat are some examples of “learning” to change with the environment for survival?Hierarchy in pack animals Changing behavior to control health issuesLearning is a change in behavior due to experience.Learning is a change in behavior due to experience.Learning is a change in behavior due to experience.Behavior is anything an organism does that can be measured.BehaviorCan this person play the piano?What Changes Behavior?ExperienceExposure to EVENTS that affect behaviorStimuliStimuliPhysical EVENTSWhat changes in behavior are NOT learning?What Qualifies As LearningOnline course complete this in your assignment linkNature VIA NurtureEmpiricists NativistsNature VIA NurtureBonobo videoWhat makes humans superior to