Slide 1Emotional ConditioningJohn Broadus Watson (1878 – 1958)Conditioning of FearMethodsConditioned Emotional ResponseCounter ConditioningSystematic DesensitizationFloodingVirtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET)Slide 11Conditioned SuppressionSlide 13Are you prejudice?Slide 15AssociationPrejudiceFigure 4-2Slide 19First-Order Classical Conditioning in AdsSlide 21Second-Order Classical ConditioningExampleSlide 24Slide 25ParaphiliaMasochismCounter ConditioningSlide 29Taste AversionSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Allergic ReactionExamplesRussell et al. (1984)Slide 37OverdoseChapter 4Classical Conditioning ApplicationsEmotional Conditioning•Wide range of emotional responses•Emotions are universal•Positive and negative•Emotional response to stimulus reflexive•Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)John Broadus Watson(1878 – 1958)Hard-line BehaviorismEarly work with sensory input and bird behaviorShifted to parenting and child behaviorhttp://www.ebooks-library.com/author.cfm/AuthorID/1343Conditioning of FearWatson & Raynor (1920)Watson & Raynor (1920)Albert B.Albert B.•Mother a wet nurse at Harriet Lane Home (attached to Johns Hopkins University)•Albert first assessed at about 8 months•Emotionally stable, healthyMethodsConditioned Emotional Response•A number of similar CSs elicit the same CRhttp://youtu.be/FMnhyGozLyEClick the picture to see videoCounter ConditioningSystematic Desensitization•Relaxation techniques•Gradual introduction of phobic stimulus•Imagination up to real situationFlooding•“Flood” patient with exposure to fear-inducing stimulusVirtual Reality Exposure Therapy(VRET)http://youtu.be/2GeW45OytuAhttp://www.vrphobia.com/spiders.htmhttp://youtu.be/hjyRu1e-JmoClick on pictures to play videoConditioned Suppressionprej·u·dice/ pr d əd s/ [prej-uh-dis]ˈ ɛ ʒ ɪnoun 1. an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. 2. any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or unfavorable. 3. unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially of a hostile nature, regarding a racial, religious, or national group. 4. such attitudes considered collectively: The war against prejudice is never-ending. 5. damage or injury; detriment: a law that operated to the prejudice of the majority. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prejudiceAre you prejudice?http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-september-5-2012/hope-and-change-2---the-party-of-inclusionAssociationPolitical speechesPolitical speechesMedia coverageMedia coverageNegative images, words, impressions paired with identifiable groupNegative images, words, impressions paired with identifiable groupPrejudice•Staats & Staats (1958)•Subjects rate nationalities•Paired positive, negative, neutral words with nationalities•Found that the nationalities paired with negative words lead to lower ratings of those nationalitiesFigure 4-2AdvertisingFirst-Order Classical Conditioning in AdsAdvertisers pair their product with items that arouse positive emotionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2nBBMbjS8w&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RGgosT-v5swCan you identify the US UR CS CR in these two examples?Second-Order Classical ConditioningExamplehttp://youtu.be/UwXO22U8jEsParaphiliaParaphiliaMasochismCounter Conditioning•Pair undesired CS (inappropriate arousal) with strongly aversive US (nausea, noxious smell)•Aversion therapy•Not as effective with some forms of paraphilia (e.g., pedophilia)Taste AversionTaste Aversion•Long-delay or trace conditioning•US is sensation of nausea•UR is vomiting or nausea induced pain•CS is novel food/flavor•CR is disgustLearning and Behavior, Sixth Edition by Paul ChanceCopyright © 2009 Wadsworth Publishing, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Immune FunctionAllergic ReactionExamplesDo you have any examples?Pollen and artificial flowersUS UR CS CRRussell et al. (1984)•Expose guinea pigs to BSA•Becomes allergen (US for histamine release)•Pair BSA with odour of fish or sulphur (CSs)•Expose guinea pigs to odours and get increased histamines (CR) in bloodstream•Preparatory value of classical conditioningDrug Overdose DeathsOverdose•Setting paired with drug repeatedly•Setting becomes CS for reduced response to the drug•Preparatory response idea accounts for the phenomenon of drug tolerance•Overdose can be attributed to this