Chapter 3 Pavlovian Conditioning Classical Conditioning or Respondent Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849 1936 Medical physiologist Digestion en wikipedia org wiki File Ivan Pavlov Nobel png Classical Pavlovian conditioning Conditioned reflexes http youtu be yRLfRRNoZzI To see original footage of Pavlov and his experiments follow http youtu be hhqumfpxuzI Unconditioned Reflexes US UR Unconditioned Stimulus Stimulus that elicits the innate reflex Camera flash Unconditioned Response Reflex action that occurs in response to the US blink ELICITS Conditioning Process US UR Neutral stimulus NS paired with US Neutral Stimulus Pencil tap US Camera Flash UR Blink Elicits Outcome CS CR After pairing with the US the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus CS that now elicits a conditioned CS Conditioned Stimulus Pencil Tap CR Conditioned Response Blink Elicits Example Tap and Blink Later Trials First Few Trials CS CS US US UR CR Time CS tapping US flash UR blink CR blink UR Example of Conditioned Response http www tbs com video index jsp oid 175650 Click the picture to view a clip of Jim from The Office conditioning Dwight with an Altoid Respondent Conditioning Latency Does the time between the presentation of the CS and appearance of CR decrease Intensity Does CR intensity increase with experience Give CS alone If CS US are close together then CR UR can overlap Test trial probe trial Difficulties measuring Measuring Conditioning Think about what is happening in each example and identify the US CS UR and CR 1 A child always has his teddy bear with him when his parent tuck him in When his parents are away the teddy bear comforts him 2 A song continues to evoke excitement in a woman who heard the song during their first kiss with a person to whom she was strongly attracted 3 A stuntman is seriously injured while doing a stunt on a motorcycle thereafter he is uneasy around motorcycles 4 As a child you watched your mother make fudge During these experiences she was always smiling and affectionate and the two of you laughed as you ate the batter left in the mixing bowl Years later you enter a candy store where fudge is being made and you suddenly you find yourself feeling warm and happy 5 A cyclist was attached by a a dog while riding down a country road On subsequent trips down that road the cyclist s heart pumps extra fast and he experiences heightened anxiety Higher Order Conditioning Process CS1 CR A neutral stimulus paired with CS1 Outcome CS2 CR A neutral stimulus becomes a CS when paired with another CS 1 Pairing of CS and US Neutral Stimulus Trace Conditioning Delay Conditioning Simultaneous conditioning Backward Conditioning Trace conditioning NS CS is presented slightly before the US Delay conditioning CS presented then the US is presented before the CS ends Simultaneous conditioning the CS and US are presented at the same time Backward conditioning the US is presented before the CS It is least effective 1 Pairing of CS and US fa ct or s Conditioning classica Factors Influencing Classical CLA Conditioning l SSI five 5 Factors CAL 1 Contingency between CS and US If then situation Consistent pairing of the NS and US is more likely to result in a conditioned response Greater contingency greater learning 2 Contiguity between CS and US Closeness in time or space between two event Greater contiguity greater learning Type of conditioning will influence the effectiveness of the contiguity 3 The Number of Pairings Number of CS US Pairings CR Strength Acquisition curve Non linear Conditioning Trials 4 Prior Exposure to the CS Latent Inhibition Being exposed to the neutral stimulus without the US can make it more difficult for that NS to become a CS Having heard a bell ding several times prior to pairing it with the lemon will make it more difficult for the bell to become a CS for the mouth watering Novel stimuli are more effective as a CS 5 Physical Characteristics of the US and CS Intensity is a chief characteristic of the stimulus must be just right The US and CS should both act as internal stimulation or external stimulation Compound Stimuli Process CS1 CS2 CR 2 neutral stimuli paired with US Outcome Compound Stimulus CR One stimulus may be more effective than the other Overshadowing Establish the relationship Test shows conditioning Test shows no conditioning Blocking Paired Established Tested Sensory Preconditioing 2 Pair NS1 with US 1 Repeatedly pair 2 NS 3 NS2 becomes CS2 Extinction of CR Respondent Extinction A response is conditioned CS Present the CS CS US CR Mouth waters CR repeatedly Mouth waters without the US The CS will no longer elicit a CR CS Mouth stops watering CR Spontaneous Recovery Respondent extinction has occurred After a period of time the CS may once again elicit a CR The response is less and will eventually not be elicited CS Mouth waters again CR Relearning Reacquisition Effect Extinction occurred Recondition with CS US pairing Fewer trials required CS US Mouth waters CS CR Mouth waters Putting it Together Strength of CR Acquisition CS US Extinction CS alone Trials Time Spontaneous Recovery Reacquisition CS alone CS US Theories of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Substitution and Rescorla Wagner Stimulus Substitution Theory Example Sign Tracking Response not required US often food Stimulus CS indicates US availability Subject tracks the sign more and more CS takes on properties of US Pigeon autoshaping Problems with SST Rescorla Wagner Equation DVn c Vn 1 DVn change in associative strength for CS on one trial c represents salience of CS and US a constant 0 0 1 0 maximum associative strength magnitude of UR Vn 1 associative strength already accrued by CS