Climate ChangeThe Science & Politics of Global Warming continuedWaterInternational Climate PoliticsEmissions per Country & Per CapitaWe do have global warming and humans have contributed to thatChallenges in both international and domestic spheresConflict between developed and underdeveloped countriesDeveloped countries are worried that underdeveloped countries will increase greenhouse gas emissionsUnderdeveloped countries believe that developed countries are to be blamed and are the ones that need to take responsibility and action since they are the historical contributorsChina is #1 for CO2 emissions; will increase due to increase use of fossil fuelsUS #2 for CO2 EmissionsRussia is #3 for CO2 EmissionsTop Per Capita Emitters from the Middle EastEmitting the most C02Fossil fuel useUS & China Emission by SectorEconomic developmentCumulative Co2 emission (1751-2006)Argument used by developed worldKyoto ProtocolNegotiated during Clinton administration and Al GoreThe Senate did not vote for itAdopted 1997, enforced by 2005USA has not RatifiedPrinciple of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”The largest share of historical and current emissions (& responsibilities) originated in DCs (Developed Countries)LDCs (Lesser Developed Countries) emissions will grow to meet social and development needsDeveloped countries had the responsibility of limiting and reducing their carbon emissionsTarget was to reduce carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissionsCopenhagen Accord 2009Political (not legal) agreementContinuation of Kyoto Protocol goalsBoth DCs and LDCs will work to reduce GHGsDeveloped countries will raise money for Developing countries to reduce emissions (Goal $100 billion by 2020)Described by many as a failure, by others as a small step forward...Geopolitcs in the Arctic SeaNorthwest PassageClimate is rapidly changing in temperatureOil ReservesRussia claiming territory the old fashion wayDomestic Climate Politics"Global Warming's Six Americas" (Lisowitz, 2009)American attitudes towards global warmingAlarmed 18% (Ready to act)Concerned 33% (Future, unsure personal impact)Cautious 19% (Unsure if a threat)Disengaged 11% (Natural, not a threat)Dismissive 7% (It’s a hoax, conspiracy)Climate Skeptics & NewsCap and Trade Climate LegislationNeoliberal approach to environmental politicsMarket + Regulation SolutionCompanies receive incentives to reduce C02 emissionsWaterThe Human Impact on Water ResourcesDams1930-1960sBenefits and Costs‘Clean,’ RenewableEnergy ProductionUS has built many damsE.g. China’s Three Gorges DamArgued that it would stop floods, create electricityFlood control – justification to build damsWater ConservationAgriculture and Municipal ServicesHoover DamsCredited for contributing towards CA’s large agricultureImproved NavigationE.g. MississippiE.g. Illinois WaterwayEnvironmental Costs of DamsEcological / Habitat ChangesFree-Flowing  ReservoirCan impacts the species in the areasWater Temperatures altersChange natural river coursesSeasonal Flow  Steady FlowE.g. Colorado RiverReduction of siltLoss of Sandbanks and ShoalsEcological and economic impact of damsSedimentation of Reservoir = Decreased Dams EffectivenessDelta Subsidence and ErosionShanghai is sinkingYangtze RiverGlen Canyon Dam retains 95% percent of the Colorado’s sediment load in its reservoir, Lake PowellArtificial Floods on the Colorado River to Restore Sandbars and Simulate Natural FloodingBefore & After Controlled Sediment ReleasePeriodically done over the yearsLoss of Reservoir capacityBlack Migration of Fish PopulationsNorth West USFish LaddersDissolved Nitrogen“The Bends”Dams is the Northwest USA (Columbia, Snake and Klamath RiverDan Removal in the Klamath RiverRemoval of Marmot Dam in 1997Social Costs of DamsPopulation ResettlementE.g. China’s Three Gorges Dam – 1-2 million peopleHuge problem in the developing worldPicture of a city that was a dam (China)Aesthetic and Cultural QuestionsThree Gorges, Hetchy Hetchy, etcJohn MuirGround Water and Aquifer Depletion (for next lecture)Geography 5 Week 8 Lecture 14Climate ChangeThe Science & Politics of Global Warming continuedWaterInternational Climate Politics- Emissions per Country & Per Capita - We do have global warming and humans have contributed to that- Challenges in both international and domestic spheres- Conflict between developed and underdeveloped countriesoDeveloped countries are worried that underdeveloped countries will increase greenhouse gas emissionsoUnderdeveloped countries believe that developed countries are to be blamed and are the ones that need to take responsibility and action since they are the historical contributors - China is #1 for CO2 emissions; will increase due to increase use of fossil fuels- US #2 for CO2 Emissions- Russia is #3 for CO2 Emissions - Top Per Capita Emitters from the Middle East oEmitting the most C02oFossil fuel use←← US & China Emission by Sector - Economic development Cumulative Co2 emission (1751-2006)- Argument used by developed world Kyoto Protocol- Negotiated during Clinton administration and Al Gore- The Senate did not vote for it- Adopted 1997, enforced by 2005oUSA has not Ratified - Principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”oThe largest share of historical and current emissions (& responsibilities) originated in DCs (Developed Countries)oLDCs (Lesser Developed Countries) emissions will grow to meet social and development needsoDeveloped countries had the responsibility of limiting and reducing their carbon emissions - Target was to reduce carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissionsCopenhagen Accord 2009- Political (not legal) agreement- Continuation of Kyoto Protocol goals- Both DCs and LDCs will work to reduce GHGs- Developed countries will raise money for Developing countries to reduce emissions (Goal $100 billion by 2020)- Described by many as a failure, by others as a small step forward...←Geopolitcs in the Arctic Sea- Northwest Passage- Climate is rapidly changing in temperature ←← Oil Reserves- Russia claiming territory the old fashion way←← Domestic Climate Politics←← "Global Warming's Six Americas" (Lisowitz, 2009)- American attitudes towards global warming- Alarmed 18% (Ready to act)- Concerned 33% (Future, unsure personal impact)- Cautious 19% (Unsure if a threat)- Disengaged 11% (Natural, not a threat)- Dismissive 7% (It’s a hoax, conspiracy)Climate Skeptics