Population, Poverty and the EnvironmentGifford Pinchot (1865-1964)Father of Conservation Movement of Progressive EraEducated at Yale, graduate work in German and French National Forestry Schools.Europe resorted to forestry as a kind of agricultural venturePushed for Scientific Efficient Management of Forest ResourcesConcentration of Resources in Monopolies was inefficient and UnfairForest Resources area a Public Good“For whose benefit shall [natural resources] be conserved – for the benefit of the many, or the use and profit of a few?”Strongly advocated for the establishment of the United States Forest Services (USFS)United States Forest Service (USFS)Pinchot was the first Chief of the USFS (1905-1910)Dispersal of Federal Forest to Individuals switched to Maintain Federal Ownership & ManagementPinchot encouraged Theodore Roosevelt to create/expand the National Forest Service“Land of Multiple Uses”“to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run” (Gifford Pinchot)Logging (utilitarian) (OR, WA)Grazing (utilitarian); most common recreationMining (utilitarian); most common recreatonRecreation (aesthetic)USF is part of the Department of AgricultureBureau of Land Management (BLM)Part of the US Department of the InteriorTotal Acreage (Present) = 264 million acres (1/8th of the country)1946 – established from public lands government can lease contracts with private interests“land of many uses”Mining and grazing are the most common recreationCharacteristics of the Efficiency Movement1. “Conservation” of Resources = Sustainable DevelopmentEx: Replanting, managing, maintainingGood in the long run2. Scientific study by Expertsa. Objective, non-politicalb. Federal Bureaucracy insulates Experts from Politics3. Social Equity & Public Gooda. Federal Control of Natural Resourcesb. Regulation of the MarketThe Conservation vs. Preservation DebateGifford Pinchot vs. John MuirPreservation/MuirBio-CentricLeave nature to manage itselfDon’t Commercialize NatureMajor Victories: National Park Service - 1916Conservation/PinchotUtilitarianManagerialCommercialization is part of the practiceNational Forest System - 1905The Progressive Era: Urban Environmental MovementMuir calls cities a ‘lost cause’Western v. Eastern USAEnvironmentalism = Elitist?Urban populations expanding rapidly from 1840-1920Fueled by immigrationUrban population from 11% to 51%Crowded living conditionsPoor SanitationsAnimal & Human WastePoor garbage disposalChronic health problems and Spread of diseaseIndustrial PollutionSoft Coal, Air PollutionFactory waste runoff, Water PollutionHealth Metals (after WWI)Workers live near FactoriesDrinking water ProblemsReactions: Grassroots ActivismNeighborhood AssociationsRich and PoorWomen at the forefrontMany victories at City LevelEmergency of “Public Health” as an Environmental IssueGreat Depression and New Deal EnvironmentalismFranklin Roosevelt (1933-1945)Merge Conservation and Economic Development to stimulate the economyCivilian Conservation Corporation (1933-1942)People employed to plant trees and other conservation workSoil Conservation Act (1935)Tennessee Valley River AuthorityDams, Development and JobsUS Fish and Wildlife Service (1940)Wildlife Refuges for Recreation, Hunting and FishingHunting and Fishing Recreational Concerns enter the Environmental MovementTeddy RooseveltMain Task: Administer the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS)60% Wetlands30% Coastal10% otherex: Arctic National Wildlife RefugeAldo LeopoldPioneered the field of EcologyA sand County Almanac (1949)“Land Ethic”Moral Valuing of Land & Scientific Management of Land“For too long in the United States, a stump was the symbol of progress…(Americans) are unaccustomed to what the disappearance of wild places would mean…”*1960’s and 1970’s: The “Environmental Decades”Rachel Carson (1907-1964)Silent Spring (1962)Pesticides, DDTExplored the subject of environmental connectednessMobilized public opinion and legislation to regulate chemicals and pesticidesRachel Carson & The Wilderness Act of 1964Rachel Carson- Defined Wilderness as….“an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”Created the National Wilderness Preservation SystemrestrictiveNational Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS)Prohibited:LoggingMiningRoadsMechanized vehicleOther DevelopmentAllowedNon-motorized recreationScientific researchFound in land managed by BLM Land, National Forests, and National ParksOverpopulationPaul EhrlichThe Population Bomb (1968)Introduced population growth as environmental issueEnvironmental Legislation under Richard NixonNational Environmental Policy Act (1970)Created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Environmental Impact AssessmentsClean Air Act (1970)Smog and Emission StandardsClean Water Act (1972)Regulated the release of Pollutants intro Streams and Sewers; regulated by EPAEndangered Species Act (1973)Geography 5 Week 3 Lecture 5 20/04/2012 04:42:00← Population, Poverty and the Environment←← Gifford Pinchot (1865-1964) - Father of Conservation Movement of Progressive Era- Educated at Yale, graduate work in German and French National Forestry Schools.oEurope resorted to forestry as a kind of agricultural venture- Pushed for Scientific Efficient Management of Forest Resources- Concentration of Resources in Monopolies was inefficient and Unfair- Forest Resources area a Public Good- “For whose benefit shall [natural resources] be conserved – for the benefit of the many, or the use and profit of a few?”- Strongly advocated for the establishment of the United States Forest Services (USFS)United States Forest Service (USFS)- Pinchot was the first Chief of the USFS (1905-1910)- Dispersal of Federal Forest to Individuals switched to Maintain Federal Ownership & Management- Pinchot encouraged Theodore Roosevelt to create/expand the National Forest Service- “Land of Multiple Uses”o“to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run” (Gifford Pinchot)Logging (utilitarian) (OR, WA)Grazing (utilitarian); most common recreationMining (utilitarian); most common recreatonRecreation (aesthetic)oUSF is part of the Department of Agriculture←← Bureau of Land Management (BLM)- Part of the US Department of the Interior- Total Acreage (Present) = 264 million acres (1/8th of