Energy, The Science & Politics of Global WarmingEnvironmental Impacts of Agriculture(1) Soil ErosionWind & WaterAir QualityPlowing  soil erosionSlash & Burning  soil erosionOvergrazing(2) Declining Soil FertilityCaused by soil erosion, Leeching & Crop RemovalLeeching in wet areas, tropical areasSome Strategies to Combat Declining Soil FertilityFallowingThe practice of leaving a field idle for a periodBuilds up nutrients and moisture for the next cropCrop Rotation (“Nitrogen fixers”)(3) Habitat Change & Reduced BiodiversityMono-cropping – single crops are grown in one area, ex: cornfields for miles – big issue in agricultureSimplified Morphological StructurePlanting in RowsComplex, LayeredHydrological ChangesIrrigation, Dams, Ground Water, etcWhere are they taking the water from and how will that impact the environment?(4) Fertilizers & EutrophicationRelated to fertilizer use – EutrophicationHeavy use of Fertilizers & Livestock Manure  Nutrients enter Water Bodies  Increased Algae Growth  Algae Die & Decompose  DeOxygenation of Water  “Dead Zones”Fish and other types of aquatic life need oxygene.g. The Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Baye.g. The Growing "Dead Zone” in Gulf of MexicoChina has serious problems with Eutrophication(5) Pollution from Pesticides & HerbicidesKills many beneficial insects too …Alternatives to Pesticides and HerbicidesPesticides are best for pestsBiological ControlUses biological predators to control pestse.g. Ladybugse.g. Wasps help to control pests in the environmentIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)Developed and under-developed worldsUse Biological Controls & Pesticides as well as Altered Management Techniques etc..Goal is Management of Pests, not EradicationSpreading fast Globally, leading to production increasesOrganic AgricultureProduced without Pesticides, Herbicides or HormonesUsually Expensive!!(6) Air Pollution & Green House GasesFossil Fuel Use, LivestockAgriculture produces 9% of CO2, 37% of CH4 emissionsmethane is a potent green house gasEnergy and the EnvironmentRapid increase in Global Energy UseCoal is our savor in solving our energy crisishuge reserves of coal worldwideWorld Energy Consumption (by Country)Major Sources Of EnergyPetroleumCoalOilPetroleumLocation of World Proven Oil Reserves (in Billions of Barrels)#1 Middle East – 686 (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait)$2 South and Central America -99 (Venezuela Mexico, Brazil)Mexico is running out of oil#3 Europe and Eurasia -98 (Siberia, North Sea)#4 Africa -77 (Nigeria)#5 North America – 50 (Alaska, Canada)#6 Asia Pacific -39 (Indonesia)Found most at Geologically Young Plate MarginsOil Production – US 2002Out of Mexico 27%Texas 20%Alaska 17%California 12%Most of oil in the US is from Venezuela and Canada; some from NigeriaA crisis of Supply on the Horizon?Proven reserves = 1 trillion barrels (3 miles with new tech?)World Consumption is about 27 billion barrels a year (74 million a day)Some experts say ...Global Production to Peak between 2020 and 2050 (others say it already has!)USA will run about by about 2090World PesticidesCrude Oil PricesFuel EfficiencyEnvironmental Impacts of OilRecovery stagePhysical infrastructureLeakageAir Pollutionland subsidencetoxic heavy metalsExxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) Alaska’s Prince William SoundUse StageAir PollutionBurning of Gasoline accounts for 60% of US air pollutionGasoline accounts for 25%CoalWorld Coal supplies (in billion of tons)Europe and Eurasia – 355Asia Pacific -293 (China!)North America – 258Africa -55South and Central America – 22Middle East - 2Younger type of processFound in different places than oilFormed from peat bogs that are subsequently by water and sedimentCyclothemsOrganic matter accumulate in a coastal swampTransgression of sea over coastal ...’Carboniferous Period (360 million yrs. Ago)Classified by its energy and sulfur contentUSA coal is low-sulfur coalCoal accounts for nearly 90% of the fossil fuel reserves in the USAMost of the US’s electricityCoal is mostly used where it’s foundChina relies heavily on Coal for energy70% of China’s energy comes from coalEnvironmental ImpactsExtractionStrip Minding  HabitatUnderground Firese.g. Centralia, PennsylvaniaBeen Burring since 1916U-SurgeAccounts for allAcid Rain – byproduct of coalNatural gasmethanepipelines**will be continued in Thursday’s lectureGeography 5 Week 7 Lecture 11Energy, The Science & Politics of Global WarmingEnvironmental Impacts of Agriculture(1) Soil Erosion- Wind & Water- Air Quality- Plowing  soil erosion- Slash & Burning  soil erosion- Overgrazing (2) Declining Soil Fertility- Caused by soil erosion, Leeching & Crop Removal - Leeching in wet areas, tropical areas- Some Strategies to Combat Declining Soil FertilityoFallowingThe practice of leaving a field idle for a periodBuilds up nutrients and moisture for the next cropoCrop Rotation (“Nitrogen fixers”) ←← (3) Habitat Change & Reduced Biodiversity- Mono-cropping – single crops are grown in one area, ex: cornfields for miles – big issue in agriculture - Simplified Morphological StructureoPlanting in RowsoComplex, Layered - Hydrological ChangesoIrrigation, Dams, Ground Water, etcoWhere are they taking the water from and how will that impact the environment?←← (4) Fertilizers & Eutrophication- Related to fertilizer use – Eutrophication- Heavy use of Fertilizers & Livestock Manure  Nutrients enter WaterBodies  Increased Algae Growth  Algae Die & Decompose  DeOxygenation of Water  “Dead Zones”- Fish and other types of aquatic life need oxygen- e.g. The Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay- e.g. The Growing "Dead Zone” in Gulf of Mexico- China has serious problems with Eutrophication ←← (5) Pollution from Pesticides & Herbicides - Kills many beneficial insects too …- Alternatives to Pesticides and Herbicides- Pesticides are best for pestsoBiological ControlUses biological predators to control pests e.g. Ladybugs- e.g. Wasps help to control pests in the environment- Integrated Pest Management (IPM)oDeveloped and under-developed worldsoUse Biological Controls & Pesticides as well as Altered Management Techniques etc..oGoal is Management of Pests, not EradicationoSpreading fast Globally, leading to production increases - Organic AgricultureoProduced without Pesticides, Herbicides or HormonesoUsually Expensive!!←← (6) Air Pollution &