Jefferson ; Victorianism; H.H. Richardson; McKim Mead and White1. History of Engineering Calculation (response to question last class)History of Engineering CalculationHistory of Engineering Calculation (2)Early ComputersHistory of Engineering Calculation (3)History of Engineering Calculation (4)History of Engineering Calculation (5)Statically Determinate / Statically Indeterminate StructuresArchitect / EngineerHubris / Building CollapsesConcreteCast Iron vs. SteelSlide 14Statically Indeterminate Structures2. The New World“Colonial Williamsburg”Colonial Williamsburg. Tayloe House. 1750’s.The American SituationBenjamin Henry Latrobe.Latrobe. Pump House. Philadelphia. 1799.Classicism in the East CoastBalloon Framing.Balloon Framing (1830 on)3. Thomas Jefferson Architect.Monticello. 1785-1825University of Virginia. 1817-26. Jefferson. Charlottesville.University of Virginia. JeffersonSlide 31Slide 32Slide 334. An American RenaissanceWashington Monument. Robert Mills design of 1833.Baltimore Washington Monument. Mills. 1815-29U.S. Treasury Building. Robert Mills. 1836-42U.S. Mint. San Francisco. 1869-74U.S. Capitol under Construction. 1860sU.S. Capitol – Section thru DomeChanging meaning of the word “design”5. Victorianism and the Triumph of the SuperficialVictorianismVictorianism and OrnamentationParis Opera House. Charles Garnier. 1862-75Victorian InteriorPatent FurnitureEvolution of reclining chairSlide 49Invalid ChairChicago Exhibition of 1893 and FurniturePosture in the 19th century.Separation of Form from SubstanceSlide 54Slide 556. Taylorism – Industrialization ContinuesTaylor – Motion Study ; Shovel StudyTaylorCharlie Chaplin. Modern Times. 1936National Cash Register Machine Shop . 1898Ford Factory. Highland Park, MI. Albert Kahn. 19107. H.H. RichardsonArchitecture in Richardson’s TimeGreek RevivalAttack on the Greek Revival Gothic Revival RuskinAmerican PuritanismRichardson’s AchievementRichardson’s Education at Harvard.Slide 69Richardson at the Ecole des Beaux’Arts in Paris.Richardson returns to the U.S.Richardson’s early worksPlane Surfaces in American ArchitectureShaker Community House. Concord, Vermont. 1832Commercial Block. 140 Commercial Street, Boston, MA 1856Brattle Square Church. 1871-2. RichardsonBuffalo State Hospital. 1870Slide 78Trinity Church. (1873-7)Billings LibraryCheney Block (1875-76)Winn Memorial Library (1877)Ames Memorial. 1878Sever Hall. 1878-80John Bryant House . 1880Ames Gate Lodge (1880-81)Crane Library 1880-83. Quincy, Mass. RichardsonAuburndale Station (Boston and Albany Line). 1881Stoughton House. Cambridge. 1882-83. Shingle StyleStoughton House. 1882-83Austin Hall. 1883Marshall Field Wholesale Store 1885Slide 93Glessner House (1885)Slide 95Allegheny County Courthouse 1883-86Pittsburgh Jail 1884-868. McKim Mead and WhiteVillard Houses 1883-5William Low House. 1885Boston Public Library. 1887Newport Casino 1879-80Isaac Bell House. McKim Mead and White. 1881. Shingle Style.Goelet Building (1885-86)Hillstead (1899)University Club. 1900Morgan Library. 1906Municipal Building New York (1909-14)Ansonia Hotel. NY. 1899-1904. New Urban type – Apartment House.The EndArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011Jefferson ; Victorianism; H.H. Richardson; McKim Mead and WhiteArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 20111. History of Engineering Calculation (response to question last class)Information from Science and Building by Cowan“The challenge of the computer: how to manage its sophistication without going broke”. - Fazlur KhanArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011History of Engineering Calculation Egypt 3000 B.C. - oldest identified numbers. Same time as oldest pyramids.Mesopotamian arithmetic - 2400 B.C.Greeks advanced GEOMETRY. Ptolemy in A.D. 150 gave value of pi to 5 digits. Decimal fractions (29/16 = 1.81) were not known before Renaissance. 29/16 is referred to as a “vulgar” fraction. Abacus (calculating device) in use in China 3rd century B.C. Egyptians had a similar method. Arabic numbers invented in India and adopted by Arabs in 8th century A.D. Arabic numbers were first used in Europe in 1200 by Leonardo of Pisa, also known as “fibonacci”. Information from Science and Building by CowanArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011History of Engineering Calculation (2) First recorded use of ZERO is in an Indian inscription dated A.D. 876. Decimal point was adopted to denote division of a number by ten in 1492, but decimal fractions were not used in calculations to any significant extent until 17th century.LOGARITHMS invented by John Napier in 1614. Greatly simplified division, squaring and cubing of numbers, and drawing square and cube roots.SLIDE RULE is based on logarithms. 1620 and 1633 logarithms were depicted graphically. 1859 first modern slide rule produced.First “Digital Calculator” 1641 Blaise Pascal (invented at age 18) Charles BABBAGE “Difference Engine” 1833. Information from Science and Building by CowanArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011Early ComputersArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011History of Engineering Calculation (3) 1937 Howard Aiken. Binary Computer. Solved many of Babbage’s problems. Built by IBM in Information from Science and Building by CowanArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West Valley College Spring 2011History of Engineering Calculation (4) All structural design in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance was based on geometry. The new structural theory devised in the early 19th century required only simple calculations. Graphical methods were available for most statically determinate problems and were widely used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The perfection of the slide rule in 1859 provided a calculator adequate for the structural calculations of the time. Problems developed in the 1920s however when statically indeterminate structures of some complexity were introduced. This started the search for mechanized methods of structural analysis.Information from Science and Building by CowanArchitecture 47 History of Modern Architecture West