Geography 5 Week 3 Lecture 5 20 04 2012 04 42 00 Population Poverty and the Environment Gifford Pinchot 1865 1964 Father of Conservation Movement of Progressive Era Educated at Yale graduate work in German and French National Forestry Schools o Europe resorted to forestry as a kind of agricultural venture Pushed for Scientific Efficient Management of Forest Resources Concentration of Resources in Monopolies was inefficient and Unfair Forest Resources area a Public Good For whose benefit shall natural resources be conserved for the benefit of the many or the use and profit of a few Strongly advocated for the establishment of the United States Forest Services USFS United States Forest Service USFS Pinchot was the first Chief of the USFS 1905 1910 Dispersal of Federal Forest to Individuals switched to Maintain Federal Ownership Management Pinchot encouraged Theodore Roosevelt to create expand the National Forest Service Land of Multiple Uses o to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run Gifford Pinchot Logging utilitarian OR WA Grazing utilitarian most common recreation Mining utilitarian most common recreaton Recreation aesthetic o USF is part of the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Land Management BLM Part of the US Department of the Interior Total Acreage Present 264 million acres 1 8th of the country 1946 established from public lands government can lease contracts with private interests land of many uses o Mining and grazing are the most common recreation Characteristics of the Efficiency Movement 1 Conservation of Resources Sustainable Development o Ex Replanting managing maintaining o Good in the long run 2 Scientific study by Experts o a Objective non political o b Federal Bureaucracy insulates Experts from Politics 3 Social Equity Public Good o a Federal Control of Natural Resources o b Regulation of the Market The Conservation vs Preservation Debate Gifford Pinchot vs John Muir Preservation Muir o Bio Centric o Leave nature to manage itself o Don t Commercialize Nature o Major Victories National Park Service 1916 Conservation Pinchot o Utilitarian o Managerial o Commercialization is part of the practice o National Forest System 1905 The Progressive Era Urban Environmental Movement Muir calls cities a lost cause Western v Eastern USA Environmentalism Elitist Urban populations expanding rapidly from 1840 1920 o Fueled by immigration o Urban population from 11 to 51 Crowded living conditions Poor Sanitations o Animal Human Waste o Poor garbage disposal o Chronic health problems and Spread of disease Industrial Pollution o Soft Coal Air Pollution o Factory waste runoff Water Pollution o Health Metals after WWI o Workers live near Factories o Drinking water Problems Reactions Grassroots Activism o Neighborhood Associations o Rich and Poor o Women at the forefront o Many victories at City Level o Emergency of Public Health as an Environmental Issue Great Depression and New Deal Environmentalism Franklin Roosevelt 1933 1945 Merge Conservation and Economic Development to stimulate the economy o Civilian Conservation Corporation 1933 1942 People employed to plant trees and other conservation work o Soil Conservation Act 1935 o Tennessee Valley River Authority Dams Development and Jobs US Fish and Wildlife Service 1940 o Wildlife Refuges for Recreation Hunting and Fishing o Hunting and Fishing Recreational Concerns enter the Environmental Movement o Teddy Roosevelt o Main Task Administer the National Wildlife Refuge System NWRS 60 Wetlands 30 Coastal 10 other ex Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Aldo Leopold Pioneered the field of Ecology A sand County Almanac 1949 Land Ethic o Moral Valuing of Land Scientific Management of Land For too long in the United States a stump was the symbol of progress Americans are unaccustomed to what the disappearance of wild places would mean 1960 s and 1970 s The Environmental Decades Rachel Carson 1907 1964 Silent Spring 1962 o Pesticides DDT o Explored the subject of environmental connectedness Mobilized public opinion and legislation to regulate chemicals and pesticides Rachel Carson The Wilderness Act of 1964 Rachel Carson Defined Wilderness as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man where man himself is a visitor who does not remain Created the National Wilderness Preservation System o restrictive National Wilderness Preservation System NWPS Prohibited o Logging o Mining o Roads o Mechanized vehicle o Other Development Allowed o Non motorized recreation o Scientific research o Found in land managed by BLM Land National Forests and National Parks Overpopulation Paul Ehrlich o The Population Bomb 1968 o Introduced population growth as environmental issue Environmental Legislation under Richard Nixon National Environmental Policy Act 1970 o Created the Environmental Protection Agency EPA o Environmental Impact Assessments Clean Air Act 1970 o Smog and Emission Standards Clean Water Act 1972 o Regulated the release of Pollutants intro Streams and Sewers regulated by EPA Endangered Species Act 1973