Study Guide: Final Exam
73 Cards in this Set
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Agrarian
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Referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there
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Agribusiness
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A set of economic and political relationships that organize agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
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Agriculture
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A science, art, and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit
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Commercial Agriculture
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Farming primarily for sale, not direct consumption
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Crop Rotation
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Method of maintaining soil fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed
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Famine
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Acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortaility
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Fast Food
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Food that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form
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Food Security
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Assured access by a person, household, or even a country to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives
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Food Sovereignty
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Right of peoples, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural, labor, fishing, food, and land policies that are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances
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Globalized Agriculture
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System of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization
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GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
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Organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross pollination or other forms of evolution
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Green Revolution
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Export of a technological package of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, from core to the periphery, to increase global agricultural productivity
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Hunting and Gathering
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Society which feeds itself through killing wild animals and fish and gathering fruits, roots, and nuts
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
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Practice that involves the effective use - usually through a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer - of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield
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Organic Farming
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Farming or animal husbandry done without commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones
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Pastoralism
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Subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing
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Shifting Cultivation
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System in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs
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Slash-and-Burn
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System of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Farming for direct consumption by the produces; not for sale
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Undernutrition
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Inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or calories
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Urban Agriculture
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establishment or performance of a agricultural practices in or near an urban or city-like setting
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Centripetal Forces
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Forces that strengthen and unify the state
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Citizenship
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A category of belonging to a nation-state that includes civil, political, and social rights
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Decolonization
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The acquisition by colonized people of control over their own territory
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Democratic Rule
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A system in which public policies and officials are directly chose by popular vote
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Domino Theory
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The theory that if one country in a region chooses or is forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to communism
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Geopolitics
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State's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations
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Human Rights
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People's individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality, considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people
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International Organization
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Group that includes two or more states keeping political and/pr economical cooperation with each other
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Nation
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Group of people often sharing common elements of culture, such as religion or language or a history or political identity
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Nation-state
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Ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people governed by their own states
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Nationalism
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Feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
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North/South Divide
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differentiation made between the colonizing states of the Northern Hemisphere and the formerly colonized states of the Southern Hemisphere
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Orientalism
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Discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East
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Self-Determination
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Right of a group with a distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its won destiny, at least in part, through the control of its own territory
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Sovereignty
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Exercise of state power over people and territory, recognized by other states and codified by international law
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Supranational Organization
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Collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature
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Territory
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Delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states
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Terrorism
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Threat or use of force to bring about political change
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Central Place
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A settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers
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Central Place Theory
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A theory that seeks to explain the relative size spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior
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Colonial City
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A city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by colonial or imperial powers
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Gateway City
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Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
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Primacy
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Condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities
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Shock City
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City that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life
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Squatter Settlements
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Residential developments that occur on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
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Urban Ecology
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Social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods
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Urban Form
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Physical structure and organization of cities
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Urban System
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Interdependent set of urban settlements withing a specified region
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Urbanism
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Way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings
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World City
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City in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted
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Cycle of Poverty
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The transmission of poverty and deprivation from one generation to another through a combination of domestic circumstances and local neighborhood conditions
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Redlining
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Practice whereby lending institutions delimit "bad risk" neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as a basis for determining loans
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3 Ways to Think About Agriculture
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science- we do experiments to understand cultivation of livestock
art- craft industry; creative; gardenbusiness- all directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence profit
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Steps in Shifting Agriculture
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Cut Vegetation
Burn VegetationNutrients in vegetation are releasedPlant crops in naturally fertilized fieldRepeat planting until field yields diminishing returnsAbandon fieldsReturn to field in 20 years when regeneration has occured
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1st Agricultural Revolution
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Development of seeds and the use of plows/draft animals
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2nd Agricultural Revolution
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Occurred at the same time as the industrial revolution; dramatic improvements outputs, such as crops and livestock yields; new inputs to agricultural production, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage
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3rd Agricultural Revolution
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Mechanization - the replacement of human farm labor with machines
Chemical farming - the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil to enhance yieldsFood manufacturing - adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments occurring of the farm and before th…
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Role of Transitional Corporations
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takes money/jobs away from family-owned farms
have lots of poweragribusiness - largest sector of the US economy
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Biotechnology
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any technique that uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
Positives: reduces agriculture production costs and resource management, saves environment from soil overuseNegatives: clone plants more susceptible to di…
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Political Geography
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examines complex relationships between politics and geography
deals with the phenomena occurring at all scales of resolution, from the global to the body.
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Citizen/citizenship
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a category of belonging to a nation-state that includes the civil, political, and social rights
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Sovereignty
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the state's power over people and territory that is recognized by other states and codified by international law
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Patriotism
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a strong feeling, or love, towards a country that one is willing to die for it
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Imperialism
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force used to conquer
does not use any governmental intervention strictly authoritative
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Colonialism
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formal establishment of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements
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Neocolonialism
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forms of relations that exist today
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Domino Theory
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ideologies that take root in one country spread across the world
communism example - Vietnam, Guatemala
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New World Order
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made US the most powerful nation since capitalism triumphed communism. With this dominance comes worldwide promotion of liberal democracy and a global economy based on transnational corporate growth through organizations. It caused instability in parts of the world and formed radical form…
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Urban geographers
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Study how urban areas evolve, relationships between urban and suburban/rural, and how land use occurs
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World Population
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what is made of up about 50% urban?
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Central business district
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a city's nucleus of commercial land uses
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Modern Stock Market
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the site where the globe's future food prices are determined; commodity prices are increasing
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Study Guide: Final Exam