GEOG1101 – Exam 1 Study Guide (Exam Date: Tuesday September 25, 2012)Quiz will between 50 and 100 questions – expect matching, multiple choice, and possibly some maps/diagrams. Format is SCANTRON. Potential Key Terms: (You should be able to choose the correct definition for each, but also be able to use your critical thinking skills to understand how these terms relate to one another in the context of this class)Chapter 11. Places (p. 3): a specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes.a. socially constructedb. emotional and cultural symbols2. Regions (p. 3): larger-size territory that encompasses many places, all or most of which share similar attributes in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere.3. Remote Sensing (p. 7): the collection of information about parts of the Earth’s surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems.4. Map (p. 7): a graphic representation of the milieu. Latitude and longitude lines provide a grid pattern on the Earth.5. Choropleth Map (p. 11): shows us the relative distribution across space; degree of shading denotes amount of what is being measured.6. Map Scale (p. 11): Scale is the amount of reduction that takes place between real-world to a paper map; Ratio of map distance to earth distance.7. Map Projection (p. 11): a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface.8. Equidistant projection (p. 11): a map projection that allows distance to be represented as accurately as possible.9. Conformal projection (p. 11): a map projection on which compass bearings are rendered accurately.10.Equivalent projection (p. 11): a map projection that portrays areas on Earth’s surface in their true proportions. 11.GIS (p. 15): “Geographic Information Systems”; the computer hardware or software that we use to analyze collected data.12.Spatial Analysis (including 5 key concepts of location, distance, space, accessibility, and spatial interaction, p. 18-24):a. The study of geographic phenomena approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas or surfaces on a map. i. accessibility: opportunity for interaction; distance and connectivity.ii. Spatial interaction: movement and flows of human activity13.Latitude (p. 18): the angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured north or south from the equator, which is 0 degrees.14.Longitude (p. 19): the angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian.15.GPS (p. 19): a system of satellites that orbit the Earth on precisely predictable parts, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information.16.Cognitive images (aka mental maps) (p. 19): psychological representations of locations that are made up from people’s individual ideas and impressions of these locations. 17.Site (p. 19): the physical attributes of a location - its terrain, its soil, vegetation, and water sources for example.18.Situation (p. 19): the location of a place relative to other places and human activities.19.Friction of Distance (p. 20): the deterrent or inhibiting effect of distance on human activity; time or cost of overcoming distance.20.Tobler’s first law of geography (p. 20) “Everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things” -Tobler21.Distance-decay function (p. 20): the rate at which a particular activity or process diminishes with increasing distance.22.Utility (p. 20): usefulness of a specific place or location to particular person or group.23.Nearness Principle (p. 21): by Morill, according to this principle people will tend to maximize the net utility of a location:a. Maximize the overall utility of places at minimum effortb. Maximize the connections between places at a minimum costc. Locate related activities close together24.Topological space (p. 21): connections between particular points in space.25.Cognitive space (p. 21): space defined and measured in terms of the nature and degree of peoples values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts and regions.26.Accessibility (p. 21): opportunity for interaction from a given point or location; proximity, distance and connectivity. (airline hub cities are more accessible than other cities).27.Connectivity (p. 21): an important aspect of accessibility because contact and interaction are dependent on channels of communication and transportation.28.Spatial Interaction (including 4 basic preconditions of complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, spatial diffusion, p. 22-24) Movement and flows involving human activity.a. Complementarity- a precondition for interdependence between places. For interactions to occur, there must be a demand in one place and a supply that matches or complements in the other.b. Transferability- depends on the frictional effects of distance. The cost of moving a particular item, measured in real money/time, and the ability of the item to bear those costs.c. Intervening opportunity- alternative origins and/or destinations; important in determining the volume and pattern of movements and flows. i. e.g. for a Georgia family wanting to vacation in NY, FL is an intervening opportunity as its closer and cheaper.d. Spatial diffusion- the way things spread through space over time, such as: disease, technology, political movements, etc.29.Economies of scale (p. 22): a factor of complementarity, 30.Infrastructure (p. 22): development such as railroads, canals, bridges, etc. that affect the transferability of goods in a positive way.31.Time-space Convergence (p. 22): the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs. Due to a shrinking world, because of growing infrastructure.32.Expansion Diffusion (p. 23): (a.k.a. contagion diffusion) a phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers, who are fixed in their location.a. e.g. use of hybrid seed stock among local farming community.33.Hierarchical Diffusion (p. 24): (a.k.a. cascade diffusion) a phenomenon can be diffused from one location to another without necessarily spreading to people or places in between.a. e.g. spread of fashion trends from metropolitan city to successively smaller cities, towns, and rural settlements.34.Regional Analysis (p. 24): the ways geographers can get to know a region or a place better: