GEOG 1101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 4-5Lecture 1 – Chapter 4-People in NaturePeople and NatureRecognize how people and nature form a complex relationship such that nature is both a physical realm and a social constructNature is not only an object, it is a reflection of society in that the philosophies, belief systems, and ideologies people produce shape the way we think about and employ nature. Society is the sum of the inventions, institutions, and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times. The relationship between nature and society is two way: society shapes people’s understandings and uses of nature at the same time that nature shapes society.Compare and contrast the many views of nature operating both historically and in society today from the traditional Western approach to radical left and contemporary ecotheological ones.In the contemporary world, views of nature are dominated by Western tradition that understands humans to be superior to nature. In this view, nature is something to be tamed or dominated. But other views of nature have emerged that depart dramatically from the dominant view. These include the environmental philosophies that became popular in the 19th century and early 20th century and the more radical political views of nature that gained prominence in the late 20th century. Among the latter are approaches based on ecotheology, which reject the long-standing consumption based Western tradition.Assess how European colonization as well as contemporary globalization transformed nature in the New World on an unprecedented scale.In the late 15th century, Europe initiated territorial expansion that changed the global political map and launched dramatic environmental change. Europeans were fast running out of land, and explorers were dispatched to conquer new territories, enlarge their empires, and collect taxrevenues from new subjects. European people, ideologies, technologies, plant species, pathogens, and animals changed the environments into which they were introduced and societies they encountered. Appraise how the globalization of the capitalist political economy has affected the environment so that environmental problems, often predicated on industrialization and its attendant energy needs, are increasingly global in scope.No other transition in human history has had the impact on the natural world thatindustrialization and urbanization have. The combustion of fossil fuels, the destruction of forest resources, the damming of watercourses, and the massive change in land-use patterns brought about the pressures of globalization contribute to environmental problems of enormous proportions. Geographers and others use the term global change to describe the combo of political, economic, social, historical, and environmental problems with which human beings across Earth must currently contend.Evaluate the ways that sustainability has become a predominant approach to global economic development and environmental transformation.Sustainable development involves employing ecological, economic, and social measures to prevent environmental degradation while promoting economic growth and social equality. Sustainable development insists that economic growth and change should occur only when the impacts on the environment are benign or manageable and the impacts on society are fairly distributed across classes and regions. This means finding less-polluting technologies that use resources more efficiently and managing renewable resources to ensure replacement and continual yield. Lecture 2: Chapter 5- Cultural GeographiesInterpret how place and space shape culture and how conversely, how culture shapes place and space.A simple understanding of culture is that it is a particular way of life, such as a set of skilled activities, values, and meanings surrounding a particular type of economic practice. Geographers understand culture to be shaped by the places in which people live and make meaning from their lives. This means that social relations, politics, and economy, all play a role in the production of cultural practices by different groups in different places.Compare and contrast the different ways that contemporary approaches in cultural geography interpret the role played by politics and the economy in establishing and perpetuating cultures and cultural landscapes.Culture, is not something that is necessarily tied to a place and thus a fact waiting to be discovered. Rather, the connections among people, places, and cultures are social creations thatcan altered by new impulses from the economy or politics, for examples, and are therefore always changing, sometimes in subtle and other times in more dramatic ways. As a result, a particular ethnic landscape may change dramatically after only a decade as the economy improves or declines and members of the group have access to additional or fewer resources that then shape their homes, vehicles, businesses, etc. Prove the way that differences- especially gender, class, sexuality, race, and ethnicity—are both products of and influences upon geography, producing important variations within, as well as between, cultures.Like most social scientists, geographers understand that cultural groups are not homogeneous. All women are not alike anymore than all working-class people are. Where people live can have an important impact on their sexual identity, for instance, when they are living in a place that is homophobic. Appreciate the conceptual changes that are taking place in cultural geography that include actor-network theory and non-representational theory.Over the last decade, cultural geography has experienced a dramatic change in the way its practitioners think about the relationship between people and their worlds. These new ways of conceptualizing culture and space are still developing, but they focus on the importance of objects and material practices and how they shape the ways we experience and conduct our daily lives.Show that globalization does not necessarily mean the world is becoming more homogeneous, and recognize that in some ways, globalization has made the local even more important than before.While globalization is undoubtedly reshaping the world and bringing different cultural groups closer together than they have ever been previously, there is no conclusive evidence that globalization leads to cultural homogenization. Instead, globalization