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Agrarian
Referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there 
Agribusiness
A set of economic and political relationships that organize agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
Agriculture
A science, art, and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit
Commercial Agriculture
Farming primarily for sale, not direct consumption
Crop Rotation
Method of maintaining soil fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed
Famine
Acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortaility
Fast Food
Food that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form
Food Security
Assured access by a person, household, or even a country to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives
Food Sovereignty
Right of peoples, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural, labor, fishing, food, and land policies that are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances
Globalized Agriculture
System of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
Organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross pollination or other forms of evolution
Green Revolution
Export of a technological package of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, from core to the periphery, to increase global agricultural productivity
Hunting and Gathering
Society which feeds itself through killing wild animals and fish and gathering fruits, roots, and nuts
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Practice that involves the effective use - usually through a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer - of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield
Organic Farming
Farming or animal husbandry done without commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones
Pastoralism
Subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing
Shifting Cultivation
System in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs
Slash-and-Burn
System of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited
Subsistence Agriculture
Farming for direct consumption by the produces; not for sale
Undernutrition
Inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or calories
Urban Agriculture
establishment or performance of a agricultural practices in or near an urban or city-like setting
Centripetal Forces
Forces that strengthen and unify the state
Citizenship
A category of belonging to a nation-state that includes civil, political, and social rights
Decolonization
The acquisition by colonized people of control over their own territory
Democratic Rule
A system in which public policies and officials are directly chose by popular vote
Domino Theory
The theory that if one country in a region chooses or is forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to communism
Geopolitics
State's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations
Human Rights
People's individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality, considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people
International Organization
Group that includes two or more states keeping political and/pr economical cooperation with each other
Nation
Group of people often sharing common elements of culture, such as religion or language or a history or political identity
Nation-state
Ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people governed by their own states
Nationalism
Feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
North/South Divide
differentiation made between the colonizing states of the Northern Hemisphere and the formerly colonized states of the Southern Hemisphere
Orientalism
Discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East
Self-Determination
Right of a group with a distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its won destiny, at least in part, through the control of its own territory
Sovereignty
Exercise of state power over people and territory, recognized by other states and codified by international law
Supranational Organization
Collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature
Territory
Delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states
Terrorism
Threat or use of force to bring about political change
Central Place
A settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers
Central Place Theory
A theory that seeks to explain the relative size spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior
Colonial City
A city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by colonial or imperial powers
Gateway City
Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
Primacy
Condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities
Shock City
City that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life
Squatter Settlements
Residential developments that occur on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
Urban Ecology
Social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods
Urban Form
Physical structure and organization of cities
Urban System
Interdependent set of urban settlements withing a specified region
Urbanism
Way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings
World City
City in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted
Cycle of Poverty
The transmission of poverty and deprivation from one generation to another through a combination of domestic circumstances and local neighborhood conditions
Redlining
Practice whereby lending institutions delimit "bad risk" neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as a basis for determining loans
3 Ways to Think About Agriculture
science- we do experiments to understand cultivation of livestock art- craft industry; creative; gardenbusiness- all directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence profit
Steps in Shifting Agriculture
Cut Vegetation Burn VegetationNutrients in vegetation are releasedPlant crops in naturally fertilized fieldRepeat planting until field yields diminishing returnsAbandon fieldsReturn to field in 20 years when regeneration has occured
1st Agricultural Revolution
Development of seeds and the use of plows/draft animals
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Occurred at the same time as the industrial revolution; dramatic improvements outputs, such as crops and livestock yields; new inputs to agricultural production, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage
3rd Agricultural Revolution
Mechanization - the replacement of human farm labor with machines Chemical farming - the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil to enhance yieldsFood manufacturing - adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments occurring of the farm and before th…
Role of Transitional Corporations
takes money/jobs away from family-owned farms have lots of poweragribusiness - largest sector of the US economy
Biotechnology
any technique that uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses Positives: reduces agriculture production costs and resource management, saves environment from soil overuseNegatives: clone plants more susceptible to di…
Political Geography
examines complex relationships between politics and geography deals with the phenomena occurring at all scales of resolution, from the global to the body.
Citizen/citizenship
a category of belonging to a nation-state that includes the civil, political, and social rights
Sovereignty
the state's power over people and territory that is recognized by other states and codified by international law
Patriotism
a strong feeling, or love, towards a country that one is willing to die for it
Imperialism
force used to conquer does not use any governmental intervention strictly authoritative
Colonialism
formal establishment of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements
Neocolonialism
forms of relations that exist today
Domino Theory
ideologies that take root in one country spread across the world communism example -  Vietnam, Guatemala
New World Order
made US the most powerful nation since capitalism triumphed communism. With this dominance comes worldwide promotion of liberal democracy and a global economy based on transnational corporate growth through organizations. It caused instability in parts of the world and formed radical form…
Urban geographers
Study how urban areas evolve, relationships between urban and suburban/rural, and how land use occurs 
World Population
what is made of up about 50% urban?
Central business district
a city's nucleus of commercial land uses
Modern Stock Market
the site where the globe's future food prices are determined; commodity prices are increasing

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