PSY 1001: EXAM 1
67 Cards in this Set
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psychology
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scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
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Wundt
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“ Father of Psychology” Developed the first full-fledged psychological laboratory in Germany, used a combination of experimental methods, including reaction time procedures
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watson
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founded behaviorism. redefined psychology as the scientific study of behavior
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James
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Goal was to understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior, he was influenced by Charles Darwin. Opposed structuralism, proposed functionalism and emphasized continuous flow of consciousness.
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Freud
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Goal was to uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior.
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Intorspection
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which required trained observers to carefully reflect and report their mental experiences
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Functionalism
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hoped to understand the adaptive purposes of thought and behavior, free-will and determinism
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Structuralism
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aimed to ID the basic elements of psychological experiences, analyze complex behavior by breaking it into its individual elements
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hypothesis
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specific prediction based on a theory, which can be tested
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theory
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an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
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six principles of scientific thinking
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ruling out rival hypotheses
correlation vs. correlation
falsifability
replicability
extraordinary claims
occam's Rasor
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Experimental Group
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this group receives the manipulation
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Control group
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this group does not receive the manipulation
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Random Assignment
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experimenter randomly sorts participants into groups
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blind
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participant is unaware thether one is in the wxperimental group or the control group
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double blind
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where neither the researcher or participant knows who is in which group
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independent variable
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the variable being manuipulated
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dependent variable
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the variable that is being measured based on the effect of the manipulation
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conformation bias
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tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesus and deny, disort evidence that contradicts them
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Demand Characteristic
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cues that the participant pick up from a study that allows them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypothesis
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Placebo effect
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something positive occurs
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nocebo effect
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something negative occurs
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CNS
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Brain & Spinal cord
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PNS
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
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Occipital
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back of the brain devoted to vision and visual perception; contains visual cortex
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Parietal
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sensory cortex; touch, pressure, pain and temp. Tracks objects' locations in space
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Temporal
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the lower part of the cerecral cortex, hearing, understanding language; contains auditory cortex and Wernicke's area
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Frontal
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oversee and organize most of brain functioning (executive functioning) Prefrontal cortex responsible for thinking, planning and language
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Forebrain
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coordinates cognitive function
thinking, planning, language
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Midbrain
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nuclei for visual and auditory reflexes + reflexive somatic motor responses; also called mesencephalon (top of the brainstem)
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Hindbrain
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•Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain
–Cerebellum
–ReticularFormation
–Pons
–Medulla
•Control of movement, regulated breathing, heartbeat
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Right Brain
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controls and processes information from the left side of the body, course language skills (simple speech and writing, tone of voice), visuospatial skills (perceptual grouping
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Left Brain
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controls and processes information from the right side of the body, fined tuned language skills (speech, reading writing), and actions (making facial expressions)
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Broca's area
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involved in the formulation of words
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wernicke's area
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responsible for comprehension of speech
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Basal ganglia functioning
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Required for controlled movement, allows us to perform movements to obtain rewards and reinforcement, damage can contribute to Parkinson’s Disease
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amygdala
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part of the limbic system that plays roles in fear, excitement and arousal
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Hippocampus
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Formation and storage of new memories
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Thalmus
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Touch, taste, sight, hearing, (not smell), primary sensory cortex
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hypothalmus
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regulates and controls internal bodily states, controls pituitary gland
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cingulate cortex
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processes learning and memory in addition to painful experiences
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cortical plasticity
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changes in cortical organization that occur as a result of experience
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Dendrites
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input, receive info from other cells
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cell body (Soma)
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cells life support center
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axon
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passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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axon terminal
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form junctions with other cells
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Glial cells
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plays a role in the formation of myelin and is the blood brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, enhances learning and memory
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Myelin Sheath
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insulator
allows to control flow of axon
ex: extension cord
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Electrical neuronal communication
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due to ions, charged molecules(Na+, Cl-, K+)
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Chemical neuronal communication
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due to neurotransmitters
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resting membrane potential
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difference of electrical charge across a membrane (-70mV)
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Action Potential
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electrical impulse that travels down the axon once threshold has been reached, triggering the release of neurotransmitters
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Graded Potential
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chemical transmission at the synapse
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depolarization
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makes neuron MORE likely to fire an action potential. Inside becomes less negative
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hyperpolarization
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neuron LESS likely to fire an action potential (inside becomes more negative)
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Threshold
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-50mV, neuron fires AP
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Glutamate
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excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and plasticity
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Seratonin
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concentrated in hypothalmus and cortex, sleep and arousal, depression, LSD effects serotonin system
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Dopamine
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Concentrated in basal ganglia and frontal lobes, parkinson's Disease, Schizophrenia
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Motivation
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latin "to move"; a motive intiates a behavior and gives it a direction
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Marslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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As lower needs are met you move up the Pyramid
Physiological - safety - social - esteem - selfactualization
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Drives
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motivation refers to many factors, some inside and some outside, internal state that causes an individual to behave toward some goal, different drives have different goals
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Drive Reduction Theory/Drive
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An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. eat and drink
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thermoregulation
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process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range
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Homeostasis
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delicately balanced or steady internal state- inverse reactions
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Cold rat study
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Rats in a cold enviroment will learn to press a lever to turn on a heart lamp
Cooling the rats hypothalamus leads to the same psychological behaviors
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dual center theory
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hunger center and full center
hyppothalmic control of feeding and hunger
leision to lateral hypo- rat doesnt eat (hunger center)
leision to ventral hypo- rat overeats (full center)
damage influences setpoint, up or down
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PSY 1001: Intelligence, thought, and language