CHAPTER 13 PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOTIVATION MOTIVATION ARE THE FACTORS THAT ACTIVATE DIRECT AND SUSTAIN GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR MOTIVES NEEDS OR WANTS THAT DRIVE GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF MOTIVATION INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIORS GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED INNATE PATTERNS OF RESPONSE THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH SPECIES EX PROTECTION OF YOUNG EATING WHEN WERE HUNGRY INSTINCT THEORY BELIEF THAT BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY INSTINCTS NEEDS AND DRIVES DRIVE THEORY BELIEF THAT BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY DRIVES THAT ARISE FROM BIOLOGICAL NEEDS THAT DEMAND SATISFACTION NEED STATE OF DEPRIVATION OR DEFICIENCY EX WHEN WERE SO HUNGRY AND WE SMELL FOOD SO IT MAKES OUR STOMACH KNOT UP DRIVE STATE OF BODILY TENSION THAT ARISES WHEN OUR NEEDS ARE NOT FULFILLED DRIVE REDUCTION WHEN DRIVES ARE SATISFIED PRIMARY DRIVES INNATE DRIVES LIKE HUNGER THIRST THAT ARISE FROM BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS SECONDARY DRIVES DRIVES THAT ARE LEARNED OR ACQUIRED THROUGH EXPERIENCE DRIVE THEORY IS BASED ON HOMEOSTASIS OR A NATURAL BALANCE IN OUR BODY LEVELS OF AROUSAL HUMANS AND MANY OTHER ANIMALS MAY HAVE INNATE NEEDS FOR EXPLORATION AND ACTIVITY THE NEED TO EXPLORE ONE S ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED STIMULUS MOTIVE AROUSAL THEORY BELIEF THAT WHEN AN ORGANISM LEVEL OF STIMULATION DROPS BENEATH AN OPTIMAL LEVEL IT WILL SEEK WAYS OF INCREASING IT YERKES DODSON LAW STATES THAT PEOPLE PERFORM BEST UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERATE AROUSALS PSYCHOLOGICAL SOURCES OF MOTIVATION INCENTIVES INCENTIVE THEORY BELIEF THAT OUR ATTRACTION TO PARTICULAR GOALS OR OBJECTS MOTIVATES MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR INCENTIVE REWARDS OR STIMULI THAT MOTIVATE US TO ACT INCENTIVE VALUE THE STRENGTH OF THE PULL OF A GOAL OR REWARD CULTURAL INFLUENCES PLAY A HUGE ROLE IN DETERMINING INCENTIVE VALUES COGNITIVE DISSONANCE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE STATE OF INTERNAL TENSION BROUGHT ABOUT BY CONFLICTING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY BELIEF THAT PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED TO RESOLVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BEHAVIORS AND THEIR ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS EFFORT JUSTIFICATION THE TENDENCY TO JUSTIFY THE EFFORT EXPENDED IN ATTAINING DIFFICULT GOALS PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS INTERPERSONAL NEEDS NEEDS THAT REFLECT OUR NEED FOR FRIENDSHIPS OR ACHIEVEMENT NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT NEED TO EXCEL IN YOUR ACTIVITIES AND LIFE EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION MOTIVATION FROM EXTERNAL REWARDS SUCH AS RESPECT OR WEALTH INTRINSIC MOTIVATION MOTIVATION REFLECTING A DESIRE FOR INTERNAL GRATIFICATION PERFORMANCE GOALS GOALS THAT HAVE EXTRINSIC VALUE AS MEANS TO AN END LEARNING GOALS GOALS THAT HAVE INTRINSIC VALUES BECAUSE OF THE SATISFACTION ONE GETS WHEN ACHIEVING THEM ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THE DESIRE TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS AVOIDANCE MOTIVATION THE MOTIVE TO AVOID FAILURE FEAR OF SUCCESS TYPE OF AVOIDANCE THAT LEADS PEOPLE TO REJECT OPPORTUNITIES THAT MIGHT ALLOW THEM TO SUCCEED HIERARCHY OF NEEDS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS MASLOW S CONCEPT THAT THERE IS AN ORDER TO HUMAN NEEDS WHICH STARTS WITH BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS AND PROGRESSES TO SELF ACTUALIZATION SELF ACTUALIZATION THE MOTIVE THAT DRIVES INDIVIDUALS TO EXPRESS THEIR UNIQUE CAPABILITIES TO FULFILL THEIR POTENTIAL EMOTION 3 COMPONENTS EMOTIONS FEELING STATES THAT PSYCHOLOGISTS VIEW AS HAVING PSYCHOLOGICAL COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS BODILY AROUSAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVATION HEART RACING SWEATY PALMS COGNITION THOUGHTS OR JUDGMENTS WE HAVE ABOUT PEOPLE OR SITUATIONS THAT EVOKE A FEELING EXPRESSED BEHAVIOR OUTWARD EXPRESSION OF AN EMOTION WE APPROACH OBJECTS OR SITUATIONS CENTERED ON PLEASANT EMOTIONS WE AVOID OBJECTS THAT MAKE US SAD UPSET OR SCARED DARWIN WAS THE 1ST PERSON TO LINK SPECIFIC FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND LINK THEM TO PARTICULAR EMOTIONS DEMONSTRATED SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HUMAN GORILLA FACIAL EXPRESSIONS FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE CROSS CULTURAL 6 BASIC EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS ANGER SADNESS FEAR HAPPINESS DISGUST SURPRISE DOES NOT IMPLY THAT THERE ARE ONLY 6 EMOTIONS THESE ARE JUST UNIVERSAL SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT PRACTICING SMILING CAN INDUCE POSITIVE FEELINGS DISPLAY RULES CULTURAL CUSTOMS AND NORMS THAT GOVERN THE DISPLAY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS COMMON SENSE VIEW FIRST WE NOTICE THE STIMULUS THEN WE FEEL EMOTION JAMES LANG THEORY BELIEFS THAT EMOTIONS OCCUR AFTER PEOPLE BECOME AWARE OF THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STIMULI REACTS FIRST THEN FEEL EMOTIONS GANNON BARD THEORY BELIEF THAT EMOTIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO TRIGGERS OCCUR ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY TWO FACTOR MODEL EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES INVOLVE TO FACTORS A STATE OF GENERAL AROUSAL COGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE CAUSES DUAL PATHWAY MODEL OF FEAR THEORY THAT THE BRAIN USES TWO PATHWAYS TO PROCESS FEAR MESSAGES HIGH ROAD OCCURS IN CEREBRAL CORTEX AND IS USED FOR MODERATE AND SLIGHT FEARS LOW ROAD OCCURS IN AMYGDALA AND IS FOR SEVERE FEARS ROMANTIC LOVE INVOLVES STRONG EROTIC ATTRACTION AND DESIRE FOR INTIMACY STEINBERG S TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE INTIMACY CLOSE BOND AND FEELING OF ATTACHMENT BETWEEN 2 PEOPLE PASSION INTENSE SEXUAL DESIRE FOR THE OTHER PERSON DECISION COMMITMENT RECOGNITION THAT ONE LOVES THE OTHER PERSON AND IS COMMITTED TO MAINTAINING THE RELATIONSHIP THROUGH GOOD AND BAD TIMES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE EMOTIONS IN YOURSELF AND OTHERS THUS ALLOWING YOU TO MANAGE YOUR EMOTIONS BETTER KNOWING YOUR EMOTIONS MANAGING YOUR EMOTIONS MOTIVATE YOURSELF RECOGNIZE EMOTION IN OTHERS HANDLING RELATIONSHIPS CONCIOUSNESS SELECTIVE ATTENTION WE FOCUS AND PROCESS ON ONE PARTICULAR STIMULUS TO FILTER EVERYTHING ELSE OUT FOCUS AWARENESS LOCKED INTO ONE SPECIFIC THING AND ZONE EVERYTHING ELSE OUT DAY DREAMING MIND WANDERS PRE CONSCIOUS MEMORIES YOU ACCESS FROM PAST UN CONSCIOUS THINGS OR FEARS YOU DON T WANT PEOPLE TO KNOW VIOLENT SELFISH UNAWARE OF ASHAMED OF ACCORDING TO FREUD HE BELIEVES THAT SOMETIMES DREAMS ARE OUR UNCONSCIOUS SNEAKING UP ON US NON CONSCIOUS STUFF THAT HAPPENS THAT YOU ARE NOT AWARE OF EX BIRTHDAYS