73 Cards in this Set
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Cellulae
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"little rooms" that was coined by Robert Hooke when using the microscopy
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Three Tenants of Cell Theory
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All organism consist of one or more cells, The cell is the basic unit of structure, and all cells arise from preexisting cell, meaning that the cell is the basic unit of reproduction.
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The human eye can
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only resolve to 100 micrometers
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The electron microscope
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can resolve to 0.4 nanometers
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The average size of a mitochondria is
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5 nanometers
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The average size of DNA is
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2 nanometers
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Why high surface area to volume ratio
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Because this allows the cell to maintain it's small size, and to improve it's efficiency. Also, small molecules can only move by diffusion.
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99% of all cells are composed of only 6 elements, what are they?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
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70% of the cell is composed of
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Water
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Why is water the universal solvent?
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It is polar which allows for hydrogen bonding, it forces molecules to be either hydrophobic or hydrophillic which dictates their organization, and water has high boiling and melting points allowing the cell to survive in extreme environments.
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Carbon can make how many bonds?
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4 covalent bonds
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Silica can form how many bonds?
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3 covalent bonds
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What are four major functional groups?
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Methyl-CH3, Amino-NH2, Carboxyl-COOH, Hydroxyl-OH
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What are the small molecules?
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Monosaccharides, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides
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What are the macromolecules?
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Polysaccharides, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
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Small molecules are usually what size ?
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Less than 1000 Daltons
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Where are the small molecules found?
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In the cytoplasm
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What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
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(CH2O)n, where n = number of carbons (3-8)
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What is the most common monosaccharide?
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N-acetyl glucosamine in Cytin
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What are the structural components of a monosaccharide?
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At least one OH-group, and an aldehyde or ketone
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What are the functions of monosaccharides?
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To serve as an energy source, to link together and form chains, and form higher order polysaccharides (cellulose)
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Oligosaccharide
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Less than 15
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Polysaccharide
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More than 15
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What are the structural components of fatty acids?
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A linear group of carbons with a Carboxyl group and an Methyl group
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What end is highly reactive in the fatty acids
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The carboxyl end
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What is the maximum number of double bonds in fatty acids?
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6
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What are the functions of fatty acids?
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To provide energy by Beta-oxidation, to link together and form chains (diglycerides..etc), and to form Lipids (choline)
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What are the structural components of amino acids?
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An alpha carbon, an R-group, an amino terminal end, and a carboxyl terminal end
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What is the simplest amino acid
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Glycine
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What are the functions of amino acids?
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To provide energy at a cost, and to link together and form proteins
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What are the structural components of nucleotides?
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Sugar, Phosphate, and a Nitrogenous base
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Purines
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Adenine and Guanine
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Pyrimidines
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Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
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What are the functions of nucleotides?
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To provide energy storage and link together to form nucleic acids
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Small molecules function by using
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covalent bonds
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Nucleic acids make up less than
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5% of the dry weight of the cell
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Proteins make up greater than
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50% of the dry weight of the cell
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Is there more DNA or RNA in a cell
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There is 3-5x more RNA than DNA
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Where can RNA and DNA be found
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RNA can be found anywhere in the cell, whereas DNA can only be found in the nucleus and mitochondria
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What is DNA
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A linear array of nucleotides that is an unbranched polymer
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What is a phosphodiester bond
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The linkage between the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the 5' carbon of another nucleotide
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What bonding pattern is present between the nucleotides?
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A=T, G=-C
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What are the hallmark characteristics of the double helix?
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It is antiparallel, there are 10 complementary base pairs per turn, it is 2 nm in diameter, and up to 1 meter long
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DNA will always be bound unless
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it is being transcribed or replicated
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Histone proteins
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Are used to compact and protect DNA
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Histone Octamer
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The nucleosome (2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, 2H4)
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The DNA wraps around the histones
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1.7 turns (150bp)
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1 nucleosome is
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11 nm around (25 million nucleotides)
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A chromosome is
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supercoiled chromatin
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Chromatin is
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DNA + the nucleosome
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Heterochromatin
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A partially relaxed state that cannot be easily replicated or transcribed
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Euchromatin
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A fully relaxed state that can be easily replicated or transcribed
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What percentage of RNA is double stranded?
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70%
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Is mitochondrial DNA single stranded or double stranded?
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double stranded
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For a protein with 4 amino acids how many combinations are there?
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160,000
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The average protein has 300 amino acids
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10^390 different combos
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It is estimated that there are how many proteins in the cell?
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10,000-40,000
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Why aren't there more proteins?
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Stability and Flexibility
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What are the various structures that proteins can make?
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Primary- the amino acid sequence held together by peptide bonds, Secondary- alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet held together by hydrogen bonds, Tertiary- the highest order for a single peptide, Quarternary- interactions between multiple peptides
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How do proteins grow?
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By adding domains
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What allows for the stability and flexibility of proteins?
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The hinge points of domains
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Heterodimer
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different peptides
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Homodimer
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same peptides
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oxidation is started by
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catabolism
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reduction is started by
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anabolism
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In glycolysis what happens to carbons
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They are preserved
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How much energy is one glucose molecule worth?
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686 kcal/mole
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How much are 2 pyruvates worth?
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642 kcal/mole
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How much is one ATP worth?
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7.3 kcal/mole
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How many ATP's does gylcolysis produce
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2, worth 14.6 kcal/mole
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How efficent is glycolysis?
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33%
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What are the gross and net productions of ATP in Glycolysis?
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4 gross, and 2 net
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All other enzymes act by
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mass action
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BY 330: SMALL MOLECULES