BY 330: SMALL MOLECULES
57 Cards in this Set
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3 required characteristics to be considered a cell:
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1. Cell must be membrane bound
2. Must contain biomolecules (i.e. nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, amino acids)
3. Must self-replicate, no host needed (as opposed to virus)
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Timeline for cell discovery 1:
1655 =
1675 =
1838 =
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1655 = Robert Hooke discovers and names cell; named "little box" bc of holes in cork
1674 = Leeuwenhoek discovers living cell in protozoans moving in pond water and small bacteria
1838 = Scheiden and Schwann - tenants of Cell Theory, not partners
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Timeline for cell discovery 2:
1930s =
1953 =
1997 =
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1930s = first electron transmission microscope to see components inside cell
1953 = Watson and Crick discovered DNA double helix - HUGE!
1997 = 1st sheep cloned - Dolly
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Tenants of Cell Theory (1838)
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1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic structural unit of life
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
--Schwann and Scheiden
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Factors affecting size constraints on cells
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Surface area is very important.
--Cell must get rid of waste and take in things like oxygen
--Substances must be able to travel between a point on outside to point on inside
--Volume increases by power of 3, area increases by power of 2 (V=4/3πr³, area=l×w)
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Volume and area equations considering radius
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V = 4/3πr³
area = l×w
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largest a sphere can be?
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0.2 microns
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What is the most efficient design for a cell membrane?
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Maximize surface area, minimize volume - cell can have folds and convolutions
--shape will be indicative of fxn
--spherical is not efficient
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ideal cell has ____ surface area and ____ volume
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large surface area & small volume
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Discuss a few ways to maximize surface area of a cell w/o increasing volume
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-have villi
-elliptical shape
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Name broad components that make up cell from most basic
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chemical components
→ small molecules
→ macromolecules
→ organelles
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Name most common chemical components (elements) of cell
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carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrogen
sulfur
phosphorus
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Name small molecules of cell
what do all small molecules have in common?
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sugars (CHO)
lipids (CHO)
amino acids (CHON)
Nucleosides/nucleotides (CHONP)
all are organic = have carbon
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T/F
Water is inorganic.
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True, no carbon in water
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WATER:
1. ~__% of all cells is made up of water
2. Feature that allows it to interact with things with positive or negative charge
3. Water forms ____ with are important to give water a high ____
4. Melting point
5. Boiling point
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1. ~70%
2. Polar
3. Hydrogen bonds; surface tension
4. High melting point (0*C)
5. High boiling point (100*C)
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Characteristic of freezing of water; how is this important for fish?
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Water is less dense when frozen, it floats when frozen.
Since frozen water floats on top, the ice acts as an insulator for the fish living in the liquid water underneath.
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Discuss how water may drive the physical structure inside a cell
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Molecules inside a cell will be hydrophobic (folds inward to avoid water) or hydrophilic (forms H-bonds with water molecules).
Ex. Many proteins use this char. to fold into final fxnal shape as a.a. are h.phobic or h.philic; phospholipid bilayer
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CARBON:
1. # covalent bonds it can form
2. size restriction?
3. Outer shell electrons?
4. Size?
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1. 4
2. No upper size limit on carbon based molecules - only limit is number of carbons that you have
3. 4 - this is why it forms 4 covalent bonds
4. Small - this is why carbon is better than silicon (which also makes 4 bonds); why we only have carbon based lifeforms
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Name some common chemical combinations found in biological moelcules
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methyl (CH3)
hydroxyl (OH)
amino (NH2)
carboxyl (COOH)
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What makes something a "small molecule"? (4)
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1. Must fall into a certain size class - 10-1,000 Daltons
2. Usually free in solution
3. Form parts of intermediates from which macromolecules are formed
4. 4 major classes of the ~1000 different kinds of small molecules
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What is a Dalton?
Daltons for small molecules?
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measurment for weight of a particular molecule
100-1000 Da
**Most proteins fall into this range
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Name 4 major classes of small molecules and the macromolecule that they build
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amino acids → proteins
fatty acids → lipids
simple sugars → carbohydrates
nucleotides → DNA, RNA
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Name 4 major types of small molecules
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amino acids
fatty acids
simple sugars
nucleotides
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Name 4 types of macromolecules
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1. proteins
2. lipids
3. carbohydrates
4. DNA/RNA
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basic formula of simple sugar
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(CH2O)n
n = 3,4,5,6,7
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What is the structural difference in sugar and fats?
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Sugar forms a ring in the final structure, and hydroxyl groups are present on sugars
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two broad types (isomers) of sugars
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keto-sugar (ketones)
aldose-sugar (aldehyde)
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Name molecule
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D-glucose
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Name molecule
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Ribose (5C sugar)
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Correctly number the carbons on glucose.
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Example of a 6C sugar that makes a 5C ring
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Fructose
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What is a dissaccharide? Example?
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more than one simple sugar linked together
Ex. Sucrose = glucose bonded to fructose
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What is a polysaccharide?
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long chain of simple sugars/monosaccharides linked together (15+??)
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Two main fxns of carbohydrates (and simple sugars)?
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1. Energy
2. Signaling molecules on cell surfaces
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Discuss structure of fatty acid
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--two very distinct regions = carboxyl head group (hydrophilic) and hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic)
--only Hydrogens on hydrocarbon chain
--chain may be saturated (all single bonds) or unsaturated (contains double bond(s))
--usually linear molecules (no rings generally)
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Basis of naming fatty acids?
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number of carbons in chain including the carboxyl carbon
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distinctive characteristic of fatty acids?
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Amphipathic = hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas in the same molecule
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Driving force behind formation of phospholipid membranes?
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Amphipathic nature of fatty acid molecules in membrane - hydrophobic heads orient toward outide and inside of cell, hydrophilic tails avoid water and point to inside of layer, forming bilayer
--This formation is spontaneous!
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What is a triglyceride?
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3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol (via ester bonds)
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Discuss this molecule.
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Glycerol - 3 fatty acids connect (to form triglyceride) via ester bond with the leaving of the hydrogen on the hydroxyl group
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Molecule important for storage of fatty acids?
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triglyceride
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Functions of fatty acids (3)
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1. Energy
2. important in forming cell membrane
3. signal molecules
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How are small molecules held together?
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really strong covalent bonds
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Discuss structure of amino acid
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Which bond is the peptide bond?
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between C of carboxyl end of one a.a. and the N of the amino end of the next a.a.
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How are these two amino acids linked to form polypeptide?
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Remember the water that forms
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What gives an amino acid its unique characteristics?
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R group (side chain)
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Fxns of amino acids
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1. Used to build proteins which are critcal for cell structure, substrates, and enzymes
2. Energy (last resort!) - must break down proteins for this method
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Some functions of nucleotides
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1. carry genetic information
2. can act as signal molecules
3. enzymes
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Difference in nucleosides and nucleotides
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Nucleosides = sugar and base, no phosphate yet
Nucleotides = sugar, base and phosphate
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Discuss two types of bases
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Purines
--2 rings (5 mem. and 6 mem.)
--Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
--1 ring 9 (6 mem.)
--Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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How do bases match up in DNA and RNA?
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DNA (pur. w/ pyr.)
A→T, G→C
RNA (uracil replaces thymine)
A→U, G→C
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What is the only small molecule that is not ever burned as energy?
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DNA
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
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RNA has hydroxyl group on C2, DNA does not
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ID molecules
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A = purine (A or G)
B = pyrimidine (C or T)
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Difference between DNA and RNA?
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Functions of amino
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...
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BY 330: SMALL MOLECULES