COMM 415: EXAM 2
64 Cards in this Set
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Deception
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An act INTENDED to foster in another. A belief that the deceiver considers false.
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Deception Cues Vs. Leakage Clues
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Deception Cues: Info that gives away the falsehood
Leakage Cues: Info that gives away the true info
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Cue Competition
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When the verbal and nonverbal signs carry implications that are at odds
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Detection Apprehension
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The feat of being caught telling a lie
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Othelo Error
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When a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying. Truthful people are sometimes afraid of being disbelieved
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Underlying Emotions Associated w/ Deception
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Fear: Detection Apprehension
Guilt: Deception Guilt
Excitement: Duping Delight
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Theoretical Approach to understanding deception
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Attempted Control: Being excessively rehearsed
Arousal: When we lie, many people start sweating/shaking
Affect: Emotions
Cognitive Load: A lot harder on your brain mentally to actually think up and keep going with a lie
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Are people good lie detectors? Why or why not?
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No. 67% accurate at detecting truths. 44% accurate at detecting lies.
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Can observers tell when children are lying?
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Yes. Children not good liars. Show many nonverabls, won't make eye contact.
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Factors that influence human lie detection ability?
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1. Lack of motivation
2. Absence of pinnochio's nose
3. countermeasures
4. embedded lies
5. no adequate feedback
6. violates conversational rules
7. good liars
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Common errors in lie detection
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Examining wrong cues
Overemphasis on nonverbal cues
Othello error
Use of heuristics
Neglect of interpersonal differences
Overconfident in lie detection
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Truth Bias
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We automatically assume people are telling the truth
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What body regions and behaviors are good indicators of deception?
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Providing fewer details
Making less sense
Internal discrepencies
Repetitions
Less verbal/vocal involvement
Fewer illustartors
Less immediacy
Pupil Dialation
Increased vocal pitch
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Behaviors related to dominance
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Persuasion
Feedback/reinforcement
Deception
Impression management
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Dress, posture, and dominance
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Better dress = higher status male
More forward lean = higher status
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Talk Duration, speech rate, and perception of power
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Power = moderate speech rate and talk duration
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Facial expression and dominance
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Strong facial expressions increase dominance rating. These are
1. Happiness
2. Anger
3. Disgust
4. Sadness
5. Fear
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Head position, shaved heads, posture, clothing, and decoding dominance
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Head tilted back = more dominance
Shaved head = more dominant
More forward lean = more dominant
Nicer clothing = more dominant
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What nonverbal behaviors create impressions of dominance?
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Head tilted back = more dominance
Shaved head = more dominant
More forward lean = more dominant
Nicer clothing = more dominant
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Henley's explanantion for sex differences
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signs of low status exhibited non verbally are also the typical signs exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by males
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Which sex differences are myth and which are a reality?
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Females gaze more than males
Females touch more than males
Men take up more space than women
Females show kinder faces
No significant difference in talk time
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3 Factors that influence male and female style of interaction
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Attention
Responsiveness
Knowledge
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What does it mean for an animal to have communicated with another animal
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Animal A's behavior manipulates B's sense organs in such a way that B's behavior has changed
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Primary functions of animal communication
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Regulating social interaction
Giving information
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Can animals communicate across species?
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Yes. Cleaner fish example. Human and dog example.
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How can we tell what an animal signal means?
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Look at the state of the signaling animal
Observe the response of the receiving animal
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What signals do bees use to communicate for food?
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Use movement to show where food is. Use geometry
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Ritualization
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The evolutionary process by which a behavior pattern becomes increasingly effective as a signal
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Can crows decode and remember human faces?
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Yes. Mask example
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What is the earliest type of communication to evolve?
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Smell
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Functions of scent
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Territory marker
Personal Perfume
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Monkey alarm calls for threats above and below
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Monkeys looked up when listening to recorded back examples of other monkey calls regarding falcons. Looked down when listening to calls about snakes.
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Origins of Displays
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High emotion
Intentional movements
Displacement movements
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Posture and Distraction displays
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Display posture often show off distinctive featres (colors patterns weapons)
Distraction displays are mean to be deceptive (mother bird fakes injury to protect nest)
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Change in conspicuous posture in response to threat
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Brown anole lizard act less conspicuous when a threat is nearby. Less head bob, less movement
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Facial Expressions in Humans vs. Nonhuman primates
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The more evolved the animal is, the more sophisticated its facial repertoire is.
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What determines how much territory an animal will defend?
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Perfect balance between costs and benefits. (Energy to defend area vs food and mates)
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Three main methods to producing sound
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Beating a surface
Rubbing appendages
Blowing air through an orifice
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How and why do animals divide airwaves
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Divide airwaves through loudness, frequency range, and pitch
Helps for multiple communication interactions at once
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Sounds produced by hidden animals vs out in the open
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Out in the open higher pitched
Thick foliage dwellers have lower pitch because they carry better through obstructions
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Touch in primates vs nonprimates
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Primates are top users of touching to communicate, but that is less true in humans
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Form and function of grooming and reassurance gestures
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Grooming is a sign of affection and bonding
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Change in voice associated with age
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Deeper voice = older
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How do people alter paralanguage when talking to the elderly?
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Increased pitch for males
Increase in jitter and shimmer
Decreased speech rate
Increased dis-fluency comparable to that of elementary school children.
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What variables do others focus on to judge a person's age from the voice?
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The slower a person speaks, the older they are judged to be
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Encoding and decoding elderly facial expressions
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Encoding: Sagging facial muscles gave impression of permanent emotional state
Decoding: Hard for untrained observers to accurately decode elderly facial expressions. Observers see sadness when elderly report anger.
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Are the elderly good decoders of facial expressions?
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No, performed worse than most other age groups. Best age group is middle aged.
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How do elderly vs. Young react to crowding or space invasion?
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Elderly women get closer than younger woman. Possibly because of sensory problems, social isolation, or dependency.
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Elderly person's reactions to being touched
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Dislike certain types of touch but find others acceptable. Touch from male nurse very disagreeable, female nurse was more acceptable.
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Effects of age on returning gaze from a confederate
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Mean duration of gaze towards a confederate longest in young (18-30) and old (55+)
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Gaze and mood regulation in the elderly
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In older adults, gaze does not reflect mood, but rather is used to regulate it.
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The effects of gaze on compliance
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Gaze increases compliance by about 15%
15% more people comply when gazed at
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How strong is the effect for gaze?
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Strong
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Effect of touch on compliance
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When you touch people, you get a higher compliance rate even when space is held constant.
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Problem with some early studies on touch and compliance?
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FORCE: most studies used very light touch
BODY REGION: most studies used to touch the upper arm or shoulder
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Two variables that should influence the touch compliance relationship
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Force and Body region
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Effect of proxemics on compliance
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Compliance goes up substantially when someone is closer to you
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Does speech rate increase compliance?
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Speech rate increased compliance rates but only for some subjects.
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Speech volume and compliance
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Highest compliance in medium speech volume. Not too loud, not too soft.
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Effects of apparel on compliance faining
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Fewer people will comply with those wearing low status clothing. Like a bum
Most compliance with those in professional uniform with status such as policeman and fireman
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HOw do clothes and touch work together to influence compliance rate
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They don't that well I guess
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Demand Theory
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Certain behaviors produce arousal in other people.
The easiest way to rid yourself of arousal is to comply with the demand.
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Arousal-Labeling Theory
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Nonverbal behaviors can produce arousal in others
People make attributions to explain their arousal
In making these attributions we label our arousal
If positive we comply
If negative we will not comply
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Expectancy Theory
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People have expectations for what is appropriate nonverbal behavior from others
Violations of these expectations will produce arousal
We label arousal as positive or negative depending upon the reward value of the communicator
Reward value - attractiveness, wealth, attitude, similarity…
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COMM 415: Quiz 2