50 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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Medulla
|
breathing, heart rate, bloodpressure
|
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reticular formation
|
sleep and arousal
|
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cerebellum
|
balance, motor coordination, cognition
|
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superior colliculi
|
visual reflexes, size of pupils
|
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inferior colliculi
|
auditory reflexes
|
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thalamus
|
sensory input, arousal, learning and memory
|
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hypothalamus
|
regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression
|
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basal ganglia
|
motor control
|
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hippocampus
|
memory
|
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limbic system
|
learning, motivated behavior, emotion
|
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amygdala
|
aggression, fear
|
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cingulate cortex
|
empathy, social awareness, self-control
|
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anterior cingulate cortex
|
decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation of reward, and empathy
|
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posterior cingulate cortex
|
eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory (alzheimer's)
|
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septal area
|
reward
|
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frontal lobe
|
motor cortex
|
|
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
|
attention, planning, behavior
|
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orbitofrontal cortex
|
impulse control, delayed gratification
|
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broca's area
|
speech production
|
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parietal lobe
|
somatosensory cortex (touch, pain, position, skin temperature)
|
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occipital lobe
|
visual cortex
|
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temporal lobe
|
auditory cortex
|
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pineal gland
|
sleep-wake cycles
|
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astrocytes
|
star-shaped glia, responsible for structural support, isolation of the synapse, control of the extracellular chemical environment at the synapse, and possibly communication
|
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oligodendrocytes
|
forms myelin on CNS axons
|
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schwann cells
|
forms myelin on PNS axons
|
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dopamine
|
motor control, reinforcement, planning, reward, and psychosis
|
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norepinephrine
|
arousal, vigilance, mood
|
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serotonin
|
sleep, appetite, mood, aggression, social rank
|
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glutamate
|
excitation, long term memory
|
|
GABA
|
inhibition, mood, seizure threshold
|
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glycine
|
inhibition, excitation at the NMDA glutamate receptor, sleep
|
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ATP and biproducts
|
pain modulation, inhibition
|
|
endorphins
|
pain reduction, feelings of well being
|
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substance P
|
pain
|
|
nitric acid
|
gaseous neurotransmitter; relaxes smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, erection, possibly plays a role in memory, possible retrograde signaling
|
|
carbon monoxide
|
gaseous neurotransmitter
|
|
caffeine
|
- an antagonist for adenosine, (an ATP inhibitor) which means it reduces adenosine's effects, because adenosine acts as an inhibitor at the synapse, reduced inhibition due to caffeine leads to increased neural activity
- Caffeine withdrawal: caffeine reduces blood circulation to the brai…
|
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curare
|
plant-based poison (poison darts), goes into the binding sites for acetylcholine and stay there like superglue (how many toxins work), if you have something blocking the receptors then nothing will work leading to muscle paralysis
|
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opiods
|
- interact with endorphin receptors, increase dopamine activity.
- morphine, codeine, herion, oxycontin, etc.
|
|
LSD
|
- seretonin agonist
|
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alcohol
|
agonist at the GABA receptor but also stimulates dopaminergic pathways and antagonizes the NDMA glutamate receptor
|
|
CT scan
|
- xray/3D imaging
- Pros: great for looking at structures
- Problems: can't tell difference between dead and alive, no activity in brain, bad to be exposed to radiation
|
|
PET scan
|
- Radioactive tracers with a variety of molecules and reconstruct gamma rays into colored images (red and yellow high activity, blue and black low)
- Pros: brain activity can be observed for different tasks
- Cons: doesn't show structural images, radioactive is unethical
|
|
MRI
|
- Pros: high resolution photo of structures.
- Cons: can't show function in 1 photo
|
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fMRI
|
- Series of MRIs shows blood flow movement which explains activity
- Pros: functionality and activity shown in images at any angle
- Cons: not sure if magnets harmful, may be unpleasant and long
|
|
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
|
- Same machinery as MRI but tracks the movement of water pathways in the nervous system or fiber pathways
- Pros: shows white matter to map out connectivity of the brain
- Cons: same as FMRI
|
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EEG-Electroencephalogram
|
Records electrical activity outside of scalp with electricity using swim cap with electrodes
|
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ERP-Event Related Potentials
|
Application of basic EEG technology used to assess sensation
Pros: allows correlation of activity from reaction to stimuli to cortical sensory neurons recorded through electrodes
Often used to determine if child is deaf or has autism
|
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MEG
|
- Researches record brain's magnetic activity by recording the tiny magnetic fields neurons put out
- Pros: brain scan not interfered by bones and other tissues, full electrical activity recorded, much faster than FMRI or PET and quiet, allows for localization of the source of the abnorm…
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PSY 240: Chapter 1