PSY 240: Chapter 1
26 Cards in this Set
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Periods of Development
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Prenatal(conception to birth),
Infancy(birth to 2 years)
Early Childhood(2-6 years),
Middle+Late Childhood(6-11 years)
Adolescence(10-12 to 18-22),
Early Adulthood (late teens early 20's 30's)
Middle Adulthood (40's- 60's)
Late Adulthood(60's- 70's)
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Conceptions of age
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Chronological-the number of years since birth.
Psychological-individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of the same chronological age.
Social-social roles and expectations related to a person's age.
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Lifespan Approach
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Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plasticity, contextual, multidisciplinary
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Cohort effects
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Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not actual age.
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Cross-sectional design
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possibility of different/multiple factors
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Longitudinal
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Track a group over a long period of time and collect data periodically.
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Time of Measurements
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What occurs at the time of the test (e.g. 9/11)
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Attrition Rates
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loss of participants
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Testing effect
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Participants become familiar with material from tests, and remember it for later testing.
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IRB
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Institutional Review Board -- review research proposals to ensure safety and well being of human participants
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Historical Perspectives
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Christian Doctrine ("original sin"), John Locke (Tabula Rasa)
Jean- Jacques Rousseau (Innate Goodness)
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original sin
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the christian belief that all human beings are bound together in prideful egocentricity. in the bible, this is described mythically as an act of disobedience on the part of adam and eve.
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Tabula Rasa
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blank slate by aristotle
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innate goodness
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French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau's idea that children are inherently good
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Sigmund Freud's theory that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives.
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Behaviorism
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(Innate goodness) behavior comes from training
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Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
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- consequences of behaviors are reinforcers, we learn from positive or negative experiences (stimulus-response-consequence)
- people can be motivated by rewarding positive behavior and punishing undesirable behavior
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Social Cognitive Theory
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(Bandura's Theory) learn by imitating and observing (e.g. Bobo Doll)
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Ecological Theory
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Bronfenbrenner's theory. 5 inner-related systems of human devel. microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macro system, chronosystem all relate to individual
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Ethological theory
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behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
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Evolutionary Theory
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(Darwin) Natural selection and adaptions
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
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-did not believe that children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
-children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (ex: trial and error)
1. sensorimotor: birth-2 years
2. preoperational: 2-7 years (symbols- ex: sad face.…
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sociocultural theory
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culture and social interactions guide cognitive development. (e.g. learning a skill such a math)
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Erickson's Theory
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8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of unique development task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
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Information Processing
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Individuals manipulate info, monitor it, and strategize about it
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What are the 6 debates of development?
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Passive vs. Active
Continuous vs. Discontinuous
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Universal vs. Particularistic
Nature vs. Nurture
Parents vs. Peers
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PSY 240: Chapter 1