CBIO 2200: Exam 1
88 Cards in this Set
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inductive method
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process of making many observations and making predictions from them
-- observation --> pattern --> tentative hypothesis --> theory
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hypothetico-deductive method
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begins with a question and hypothesis that is confirmed by observation
-- theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation
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palpation
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feeling a structure with the hands
(touch)
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ausculation
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listening to the sounds of the body
(listen/hear)
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percussion
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tapping the body to feel for resistance and listen for emitted air
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inspection
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looking at the body's appearance and making conclusions based on surface appearance
(look)
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anatomy
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the study of the human structure and its form
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physiology
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the study of function/ how the body works
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reductionism
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the theory that a large or complex system can be understood by studying its simple components
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holism
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the theory that an organism must be looked at as a whole to be understood. the organism cannot be predicted from properties of its separate parts.
the total/whole is the sum of its parts.
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hierarchy of complexity
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(atoms)
molecules
(organelles)
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
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homeostasis
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maintaining a stable environment internally regardless of external conditions
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negative feedback
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a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse the changes
ex: baroreceptors sense a change in blood pressure when a person moves from sitting to standing. when blood pressure falls baroreceptors respond and regulate blood pressure.
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positive feedback & rapid change
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a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
ex: child birth-- fetus begins to push on cervix, nerve impulses from the cervix signal the pituitary gland to produce oxytocin that causes contraction which continue to produce o…
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electrolytes
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any compound that conducts an electric current in an aqueous solution.
important in nervous and muscular systems
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isotopes
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a variant of a chemical element. an isotope has the same atomic number as parent element with a different number of neutrons
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radioisotopes
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unstable isotopes that give off radiation
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metabolism
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all chemical reactions in the body
2 division
catabolism
anabolism
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catabolism
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energy releasing decomposition reactions (exergonic)
hydrolysis: water is used to split 2 components that contribute to the formation of the products
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anabolism
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energy-storing synthesis reactions (endergonic)
dehydration synthesis: synthetic reaction where water is a product removed from reactants
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monosaccharides
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simplest carbohydrate; simple sugars
most important
glucose
fructose
galactose
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disaccharides
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carbohydrate; sugar molecules composed of two monosaccharides
most important
sucrose = glucose + fructose
lactose = glucose + galactose
maltose = glucose + glucose
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passive transport
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membrane trasport that require no ATP
filtration
simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
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filtration
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particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
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simple diffusion
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net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
movement down the concentration gradient
hydrophobic molecules diffuse through lipid bi-layer
hydrophilic molecules diffuse through channel proteins
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osmosis
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the flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to another; movement from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
movement against the concentration gradient
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osmotic pressure
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the pressure required to stop osmosis
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tonicity
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the measure of osmotic pressure in reference to something
red blood cells
RBC's shrink in hypertonic solutions
RBC's swell in hypotonic solutions
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primary active transport
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transport of a solute against the concentration gradient; requires a carrier and ATP
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specificity
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transport proteins specify for a certain molecule
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saturation
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as solute concentration rises the rate of transport rises to a point of transport maximum
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vesicular transport
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the movement of large particle/ fluid droplets/ numerous molecules through a membrane by way of vesicles
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endocytosis
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a process of transport that brings matter into a cell
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exocytosis
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a process of transport the discharges material from a cell
secretion
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phagocytosis
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"cell eating"
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pinocytosis
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"cell drinking"
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endoplasmic reticulum
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two components: smooth and rough
smooth: manufactures all membranes of the cell, has no ribosomes
rough: has ribosomes that read mRNA and make proteins
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golgi complex
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a cell organelle with a system of channels where carbohydrates are synthesized
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lysosomes
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package of enzymes that digest all products taken in by cells
autophagy (digestion)
responsible for apoptosis
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peroxisomes
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simliar to lysosomes; responsible for oxidizing organic molecules
found abundantly in liver and kidneys
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mitochondria
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organelle that synthesizes ATP
"powerhouse"
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centrioles
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organelles that have a role in cell division
9+2 structure
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epithelial tissue
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tissue that covers the body surface and lines body cavities
a flat sheet of cells that closely adhere to one another on top of a basement membrane
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connective tissue
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fibrous
adipose
supportive
fluid
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fibrous connective tissue
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loose: cells and fibers have lots of space and ground substance between them
--- areolar and reticular
dense: cells and fibers have very little space and ground substance between them
--- regular and irregular
elastic tissue
areolar tissue
reticular ti…
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adipose tissue
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fat; tissue in which adipocytes are the primary cell type
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supportive connective tissues
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cartilage
bone/osseous tissue
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cartilage
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supportive connective tissue with flexibly rubbery matrix
chondroblasts: cells that lay down cartilage
chondrocytes: mature chondroblasts trapped in lacunae
perichondrium: around cartilage
types
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
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bone osseous tissue
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spongy and compact tissue; supportive connective tissue
spongy: inside bone; surrounded by compact bone; spongy appearance; spicules/trabeculae
compact: no space; osteons
osteons
central canal
concentric lamellae
osteoblasts & osteocytes
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fluid connective tissue: blood
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composed of:
plasma--top
formed elements-- settle to bottom
-- erythrocytes (RBC's)
-- leukocytes (WBC's)
-- platelets
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nervous tissue
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tissue specialized for communication by means of electrical/chemical signals
excitability: capable of having response to stimuli
membrane potential: electron charge difference that causes excitability
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neuron
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nerve cells
neurosome (cell body)
dendrite
axon
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neuroglia/ glial cells
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support cells in nervous tissue
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muscle tissue
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excitability of this tissue leads to contractions
3 types of this tissue are
cardiac
smooth
skeletal
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skeletal muscle
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the cells in this muscle have multiple nuclei, striations and are voluntary
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cardiac muscle
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cells in this muscle are called myocytes/cardiocytes; these muscles are striated and involuntary and have intercalated discs
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smooth muscle
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this muscle is visceral has no striations, one nucleus, fusiform cells, and is involuntary
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cell junction
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the connection between one cell and another
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tight junction
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a cell junction that links cells with transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
in this junction there is no movement of ions down between the cells
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desmosomes
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cell junction structure of patch that holds cells together
j-shaped proteins
helps to resist mechanical stress
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gap junctions
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cell junction formed by connexons (orange-like structure)
allows for ion movement between cells
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hemidesmosomes
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cell junction that anchors the basale surface of an epithelial cell to the basement membrane
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gland
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a cell or organ that secretes substance
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secretion
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a substance secreted by a cell or organ that stays inside the body
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excretions
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a substance that is secreted and removed from the body
sweat, tears, etc.
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serous glands
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glands that secrete watery solution
tears, milk
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mucous glands
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glands that produce thick secretion/ glycoprotein called mucin
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mixed glands
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glands that produce serous and mucous secretions
salivary glands
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merocrine glands/ eccrine glands
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glands that release secretions by exocytosis
tear glands
digestive glands
pancreas
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holocrine glands
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glands in which cells accumulate their product and then disintegrate
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apocrine glands
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glands that give off a strong odor and release secretions by exocytosis
axillary, mammary and groin regions
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cutaneous membrane
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skin-- largest membrane in the body
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mucous membrane
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membrane that lines passages that open to the external environment
has 3 layers
epithelium: columnal cells with goblet cells
lamina propria: underlying connective tissue
muscularis mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle
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serous membrane
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internal membrane that produces serous fluid; made up of simple squamous epithelium
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endothelium
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serous membrane that lines blood vessels
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mesolthelium
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serous membrane that lines a body cavity
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synovial membrane
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membrane that lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid
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differentiation
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characteristic cells undergoing tissue development. cell and tissues can change within certain limits
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stem cells
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undifferentiated cells found in embryos and adules
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totipotent
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characteristic of embryonic stem cells before the blastocyst stage to become any type of cell
"all power"
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pluripotent
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characteristic of embryonic stem cells in blastocyst stage to become almost any type of cell
"many power"
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multipotent
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characteristic of adult stem cells to become many different types of cells
"some power"
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unipotent
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characteristic of adult stem cell to become one type of cell
"one power"
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regeneration
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tissue repair in which cells are regenerated with all of their normal function
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fibrosis
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tissue repair in which nonfunctional fibrotic tissue replaces damaged tissue
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atrophy
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tissue shrinkage
senile: comes with normal aging
disuse: comes from nonuse/disuse
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necrosis
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death of tissue
infarction: when blood supply is completely cut off
gangrene: blood supply is greatly reduced
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
mediated by fas which activated components that chop up DNA and destroy proteins
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CBIO 2200: Exam 1