Class Notes3/6/12(With figures used in class)[Fig 8.3] Be able to label all sutures and bones.- Sutures (of cranium; cranial sutures)- coronal- sagittal- lamdoid- squamosCBIO2200- Bones mentioned in class- vomer- nasal bone- supraorbital foramen- just above optic- inferior (2), superior, medial- nasal conchii- part of ethmoid bone[Fig 8.7] Know all bones contributing to orbital bone- Allowing nerves to pass through- inferior orbital fissure- superior orbital fissure- optic foramen...CBIO2200[Fig 8.4b]- Sella Turcia- of sphenoid bone- houses pituitary gland[Fig 8.4a]- Styloid process- sharp point- stylohyoid muscle attaches styloid process to hyoid bone.CBIO2200[Fig 8.17]Fontanels - 4 of them- of the craniumCBIO2200- Collectively, these membranes (the white spaces) of brain are called Fontanels.- Functions (2)- allow skull (of baby) to be compressed during birth- allow growth of brain- Mode of bone ossification- intramembranous ossification (fibrocytes replaced with osteocytes)- (4) Fontanels a.k.a. “soft spots”- Anterior fontanel- Posterior fontanel- Sphenoid fontanel- Mastoid fontanel[Fig 8.5a&b]- Know all foramens (Table 8.3)- which allow passage of certain nerves through bone)- e.g. Foramen magnum- allows spinal cord to run throughCBIO2200[Fig 8.5a&b]- Know all foramens (Table 8.3)- which allow passage of certain nerves through bone)- e.g. Foramen magnum- allows spinal cord to run throughCBIO2200[Fig 8.24] Articulations of “Yes & No”- Atlas (1st cervical vertebrae)- Provides for “yes” range of movement or motion- articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull- Atlas is the only vertebrae with no body- Axis (2nd cervical vertebrae)- unique spinous process called “dens” or odontoid process- allows the atlas to rotate on the axis.- allows head rotation for “no” range of motionProcesses allow for articulation & rotation.! -e.g. odontoid process, spinous process, temporal process, transverse process.[Fig 8.18]Vertebral Column- Cervical vertebrae (7)- Thoracic vertebrae (12)- Lumbar (5)- Sacrum (1)- 5 foramen on each side- Coccyx (1)- made up of 3 fused bonesCBIO2200Vertebral vs Invertebral Foramen- Vertebral foramina- allow spinal cord to pass through- Invertebral foramina- allow spinal nerves to pass through- foramina between discs/vertebrae- Transverse foramina (ONLY cervical vertebrae, same for transverse process)- location: in cervical vertebraeCBIO2200[Fig 8.25] Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebrae, & Lumbar Vertebrae[Fig 8.22 & 8.23]Invertebral Discs- made of fibro-cartilage- between vertebrae (for side view look at Fig 8.23 on image ppt)- Parts include:- nucleus pulposus- mainly contains water- anulus fibrosus! - Cell type of invertebral disc = chondrocytesHerniated Discs- the nucleus pulposus bulges, pushing against the spinal nerve.- shown on [Fig 8.22]CBIO2200CBIO2200[Fig 8.26]Sacral Foramina- what sciatic nerve passes through- of sacrumThe Clavicle [Fig 8.30]- Has medial and lateral ends- Medial = sternal - rounded end- Lateral = acromion- flat surface at end- Flat bones ossify by intramembranous ossification- Round ossify by endochondrial ossificationCBIO2200[Fig 8.32]Medial epicondyle of the humerus- a.k.a “Funny Bone”[Fig 8.34] --> look up in book, not on image ppt- donʼt have to know the names of the carpal bones, know proximal, medial, distal- DO know the numbering though! ! e.g. “Name this bone:” = 3rd metacarpalCBIO2200[Fig 8.35 & 8.36]Os Coxae - a.k.a “pelvic bone,” made of 3 fused pieces.- 2 of them make up pelvic girdle- Parts of the os coxae:- ilium- ischium- pubis! Also...- Pubic symphasis- made of fibro-cartilage- considered a “cartiloginous joint”- Sacroiliac joint- joins the sacrum and ilium- Acetabulum- deep socket in hip bone that receives the head of the femur.CBIO2200Denis Walsh- “character building effects of agony”- said women get too many epidurals during preganancy- pain = preparation for being a motherCBIO2200[fig 8.38a]Fovea Capitis - Depression in head of femur.- attachment site for ligaments[fig 8.39a]Tibia is medial to fibula- lateral malleolus of fibulaCBIO2200[Fig 8.40a] Know proximal & distal in toes- Talus & Calcaneous- In foot- Talus: articulates with fibula and tibia.- know numbering of toes, just like fingersCBIO2200CHAPTER 9 (Joints)[Fig 9.29a]- The Knee Joint! - freely moveable = Diarthrotic joint- Ligaments stabilizing the knee joint:- collateral ligaments- tibial collateral ligament- fibular collateral ligament- cruciate ligaments - anterior/posterior- transverse ligaments- meniscus (2)- medial/lateralCBIO2200[Fig 9.26b] - Fovea Capitis- lateral view of The Coxal (hip) Jointlook in book, figure not on powerpointMovements at Certain Joints- flexion- extension- antagonist & agonistMovement (everyday language)Movement(Anatomical terms)Prime Mover/“Agonist”Resists P.M.“Antagonist”Lowering headHead flexionsterno-cleido mastoidsplenius capitisRaising headHead extensionsplenius capitissterno-cleido mastoidThrowing Baseball(@ elbow)Elbow extensiontriceps brachii & anconeus assistsbiceps brachii- brachialis-brachioradialisKicking football(@ knee)Knee extensionQuadriceps (4):- rectus femoris- vastus lateralis- vastus medialis-vastus intermediusHamstrings:- biceps femoris- semitendonosis-semimembranousCBIO2200CHAPTER 10 (Muscular System)[Fig 10.5a]CBIO2200[Fig 10.5b]**BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY ALL PICTURES IN IMAGE POWERPOINT (Ch. 8 & selected ones in Ch. 9)- Bones, sutures, special structures, etc.** KNOW FIRST TWO FIGURES OF MUSCLE CHAPTER (Ch. 10)- Full anterior/posterior