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inductive method
process of making many observations and making predictions from them -- observation --> pattern --> tentative hypothesis --> theory
hypothetico-deductive method
begins with a question and hypothesis that is confirmed by observation -- theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation
palpation
feeling a structure with the hands (touch)
ausculation
listening to the sounds of the body (listen/hear)
percussion
tapping the body to feel for resistance and listen for emitted air
inspection
looking at the body's appearance and making conclusions based on surface appearance (look)
anatomy
the study of the human structure and its form
physiology
the study of function/ how the body works
reductionism
the theory that a large or complex system can be understood by studying its simple components
holism
the theory that an organism must be looked at as a whole to be understood. the organism cannot be predicted from properties of its separate parts. the total/whole is the sum of its parts.
hierarchy of complexity
(atoms) molecules (organelles) cells tissues organs organ systems organisms
homeostasis
maintaining a stable environment internally regardless of external conditions
negative feedback
a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse the changes ex: baroreceptors sense a change in blood pressure when a person moves from sitting to standing. when blood pressure falls baroreceptors respond and regulate blood pressure.
positive feedback & rapid change
a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction ex: child birth-- fetus begins to push on cervix, nerve impulses from the cervix signal the pituitary gland to produce oxytocin that causes contraction which continue to produce o…
electrolytes
any compound that conducts an electric current in an aqueous solution. important in nervous and muscular systems
isotopes
a variant of a chemical element. an isotope has the same atomic number as parent element with a different number of neutrons
radioisotopes
unstable isotopes that give off radiation
metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body 2 division catabolism anabolism
catabolism
energy releasing decomposition reactions (exergonic) hydrolysis: water is used to split 2 components that contribute to the formation of the products
anabolism
energy-storing synthesis reactions (endergonic) dehydration synthesis: synthetic reaction where water is a product removed from reactants
monosaccharides
simplest carbohydrate; simple sugars most important glucose fructose galactose
disaccharides
carbohydrate; sugar molecules composed of two monosaccharides most important sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = glucose + galactose maltose = glucose + glucose
passive transport
membrane trasport that require no ATP filtration simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion
filtration
particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
simple diffusion
net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration movement down the concentration gradient hydrophobic molecules diffuse through lipid bi-layer hydrophilic molecules diffuse through channel proteins
osmosis
the flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to another; movement from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration movement against the concentration gradient
osmotic pressure
the pressure required to stop osmosis
tonicity
the measure of osmotic pressure in reference to something red blood cells RBC's shrink in hypertonic solutions RBC's swell in hypotonic solutions
primary active transport
transport of a solute against the concentration gradient; requires a carrier and ATP
specificity
transport proteins specify for a certain molecule
saturation
as solute concentration rises the rate of transport rises to a point of transport maximum
vesicular transport
the movement of large particle/ fluid droplets/ numerous molecules through a membrane by way of vesicles
endocytosis
a process of transport that brings matter into a cell
exocytosis
a process of transport the discharges material from a cell secretion
phagocytosis
"cell eating"
pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
endoplasmic reticulum
two components: smooth and rough smooth: manufactures all membranes of the cell, has no ribosomes rough: has ribosomes that read mRNA and make proteins
golgi complex
a cell organelle with a system of channels where carbohydrates are synthesized
lysosomes
package of enzymes that digest all products taken in by cells autophagy (digestion) responsible for apoptosis
peroxisomes
simliar to lysosomes; responsible for oxidizing organic molecules found abundantly in liver and kidneys
mitochondria
organelle that synthesizes ATP "powerhouse"
centrioles
organelles that have a role in cell division 9+2 structure
epithelial tissue
tissue that covers the body surface and lines body cavities a flat sheet of cells that closely adhere to one another on top of a basement membrane
connective tissue
fibrous adipose supportive fluid
fibrous connective tissue
loose: cells and fibers have lots of space and ground substance between them --- areolar and reticular dense: cells and fibers have very little space and ground substance between them --- regular and irregular elastic tissue areolar tissue reticular ti…
adipose tissue
fat; tissue in which adipocytes are the primary cell type
supportive connective tissues
cartilage bone/osseous tissue
cartilage
supportive connective tissue with flexibly rubbery matrix chondroblasts: cells that lay down cartilage chondrocytes: mature chondroblasts trapped in lacunae perichondrium: around cartilage types hyaline fibrocartilage elastic
bone osseous tissue
spongy and compact tissue; supportive connective tissue spongy: inside bone; surrounded by compact bone; spongy appearance; spicules/trabeculae compact: no space; osteons osteons central canal concentric lamellae osteoblasts & osteocytes
fluid connective tissue: blood
composed of: plasma--top formed elements-- settle to bottom -- erythrocytes (RBC's) -- leukocytes (WBC's) -- platelets
nervous tissue
tissue specialized for communication by means of electrical/chemical signals excitability: capable of having response to stimuli membrane potential: electron charge difference that causes excitability
neuron
nerve cells neurosome (cell body) dendrite axon
neuroglia/ glial cells
support cells in nervous tissue
muscle tissue
excitability of this tissue leads to contractions 3 types of this tissue are cardiac smooth skeletal
skeletal muscle
the cells in this muscle have multiple nuclei, striations and are voluntary
cardiac muscle
cells in this muscle are called myocytes/cardiocytes; these muscles are striated and involuntary and have intercalated discs
smooth muscle
this muscle is visceral has no striations, one nucleus, fusiform cells, and is involuntary
cell junction
the connection between one cell and another
tight junction
a cell junction that links cells with transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins in this junction there is no movement of ions down between the cells
desmosomes
cell junction structure of patch that holds cells together j-shaped proteins helps to resist mechanical stress
gap junctions
cell junction formed by connexons (orange-like structure) allows for ion movement between cells
hemidesmosomes
cell junction that anchors the basale surface of an epithelial cell to the basement membrane
gland
a cell or organ that secretes substance
secretion
a substance secreted by a cell or organ that stays inside the body
excretions
a substance that is secreted and removed from the body sweat, tears, etc.
serous glands
glands that secrete watery solution tears, milk
mucous glands
glands that produce thick secretion/ glycoprotein called mucin
mixed glands
glands that produce serous and mucous secretions salivary glands
merocrine glands/ eccrine glands
glands that release secretions by exocytosis tear glands digestive glands pancreas
holocrine glands
glands in which cells accumulate their product and then disintegrate
apocrine glands
glands that give off a strong odor and release secretions by exocytosis axillary, mammary and groin regions
cutaneous membrane
skin-- largest membrane in the body
mucous membrane
membrane that lines passages that open to the external environment has 3 layers epithelium: columnal cells with goblet cells lamina propria: underlying connective tissue muscularis mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle
serous membrane
internal membrane that produces serous fluid; made up of simple squamous epithelium
endothelium
serous membrane that lines blood vessels
mesolthelium
serous membrane that lines a body cavity
synovial membrane
membrane that lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid
differentiation
characteristic cells undergoing tissue development. cell and tissues can change within certain limits
stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in embryos and adules
totipotent
characteristic of embryonic stem cells before the blastocyst stage to become any type of cell "all power"
pluripotent
characteristic of embryonic stem cells in blastocyst stage to become almost any type of cell "many power"
multipotent
characteristic of adult stem cells to become many different types of cells "some power"
unipotent
characteristic of adult stem cell to become one type of cell "one power"
regeneration
tissue repair in which cells are regenerated with all of their normal function
fibrosis
tissue repair in which nonfunctional fibrotic tissue replaces damaged tissue
atrophy
tissue shrinkage senile: comes with normal aging disuse: comes from nonuse/disuse
necrosis
death of tissue infarction: when blood supply is completely cut off gangrene: blood supply is greatly reduced
apoptosis
programmed cell death mediated by fas which activated components that chop up DNA and destroy proteins

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