BIO 123: FINAL EXAM
82 Cards in this Set
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Endemism
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The restriction of species to one location or habitat
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Sustainability
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The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
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Fittingness
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When things come together the way they were designed to, the way God intended them to
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Carbon Neutrality
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the state in which an individual, business, or institution emits no net carbon to the atmosphere
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Microwilderness
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small patches of nature that harbor rich communities of microbes
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Milankovitch Cycle
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The natural cycles of global warming and cooling over millions of years. It is what causes/predicts ice ages to begin and end and has started to be affected by humans
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Eutrophication
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Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of aquatic plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen
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Taq Polymerase
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A bacteria discovered in a hot spring in yellowstone park that allows scientists to cook down and recombine DNA stability at high temperatures that weren't previously possible.
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Guard Cells
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Cells around the stomate of a plant which protect the part of the cell that takes in CO2 and produces O2
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Carnitine
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Rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation
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Undigestible Oligosaccharides
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Humans are unable to process this but it is consumed by an important bacteria in the intestines which goes on to promote digestive health and prevents other bacteria growth. Found in breast milk
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Resistance
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An ecosystem's ability to stay constant/unchanging after a disturbance
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Resilience
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Enhancing the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance
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Redundancy Hypothesis
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One or more species plays a given role within an ecosystem; species that play the same roles in the ecosystem compensate for each other if some are lost under particular conditions
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Variation
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any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused either by genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials
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Natural Selection
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Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
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Sexual Selection
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Organisms that exhibit certain characteristics preferred by the opposite sex tend to survive and produce more offspring
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Genetic Drift
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The chance disappearance of particular genes in a small population determines the variation in relative frequency of different genotypes -- and, possibly, the survival of a species
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Gene Flow
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Organisms that move from one population to another, carrying their genetic material, tend to survive and produce more offspring
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Bottleneck Effect
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Decrease in gene pool diversity and reduction of genetically distinct individuals in a population determines the survival of a species
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Adaptation
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an inherited trait that gives the individual an advantage when it comes to survival and reproduction
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Fitness
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The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age
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Survival
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The continued existence of organisms which are best adapted to their environment, with the extinction of others, as a concept in the Darwinian theory of evolution. Compare with natural selection
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Fecundity
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Fertility, the ability to produce abundant healthy growth or offspring
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Rewilding
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large-scale conservation aimed at restoring and protecting natural processes and core wilderness areas, providing connectivity between such areas, and protecting or reintroducing apex predators and keystone species
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Sexual Reproduction
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Process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.
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Mitosis
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A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves a series of steps, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
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Meiosis
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A process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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Diploid Cell
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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
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Haploid Cell
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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
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Zygote
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Diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
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Embryo
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Developing stage of a multicellular organism
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Speciation
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The formation of a new species
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Microevolution
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Change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.
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Macroevolution
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Large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
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Polyploidy
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The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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Aneuploidy
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Any abnormal condition of the chromosomes
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Allopatric Speciation
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The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.
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Sympatric Speciation
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The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.
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Anther
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The part of a stamen that contains the pollen.
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Filament
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Supports the anther
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Ovule
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A structure that contains an egg cell
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Ovary
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A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop.
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Style
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Connects the stigma to the ovary of a flower
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Stigma
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Sticky top of the style where pollen lands and germinates
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Sepal
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modified leaves at the base of the flower
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Self-Crossing Pollination
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Occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant
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Self-Fertilization
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Process in which gametes produced by the male and female parts of the same flower fuse to form a viable offspring
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SLOSS (Single Large or Several Small)
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which is a superior means of conserving biodiversity in a fragmented habitat?
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Heterogeneity
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variation in resources of particular area allowing for support of more species in a community
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Sedge
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a grass like plant that grows in wet ground or near water
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Apical Meristems
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Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length
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Seed Banking
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stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity
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Litter
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Layer of dead leaves and grass on top of the soil
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Paramo
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A high, cold plateau of South America
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Host Cell
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Living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli
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Vaccine
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A preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.
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Virolation
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Exposing uninfected inividuals to disease thus decreasing the overall morbidity and mortality
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Genomics
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Study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
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Human Genome
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A research effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells
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Mitochondrial DNA
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A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. This is inherited only through the mother
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Nuclear DNA
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DNA present within the nucleus of a cell. This form of DNA is inherited from both parents
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Fossil Hominids
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Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo
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Genus Homo
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Homo Habilus, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens
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Chromosome
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Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.
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Nucleotide
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A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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Homozygous
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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Heterozygous
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An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
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Dominant
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In a pair of alleles, the one that is masked if a dominant allele is present (represented with uppercase letters)
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Recessive
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In a pair of alleles, the one that is masked if a dominant allele is present (represented with lowercase letters)
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Germline
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Any mutation that happens in the genes of your gamete
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Somatic
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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
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Totipotent
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Cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body.
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Structural Gene
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a gene that codes for a product, such as an enzyme, protein, or RNA, rather than serving as a regulator
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Regulatory Gene
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A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of gene
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Oncogenes
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Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
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Tumor Suppressors
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Genes that normally prevent cell division
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Malignancy
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Condition that is resistant to treatment, tends to get worse, may be fatal
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Tumor
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A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably
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Metastasis
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Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body
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Personalized Medicine
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The use of molecular and genetic characterizations of both the disease process and the patient for the customization of drug therapy
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Melanin
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A pigment that gives the skin its color
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BIO 123: Exam 3