47 Cards in this Set
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Evolution of Vertebrate Lungs
The Human Respiratory System
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look at lungs
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DefenseMechanisms:
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Ciliated mucous lining traps inhaled particles in: nose,pharynx, trachea, bronchi
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InhalingPolluted Air or Cigarette Smoke
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Results in: bronchial constriction, increased mucussecretion, damage to ciliate cells, coughing
Can cause: chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, lungcancer
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Effects of Cigarette Smoke: look at diagram
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look at diagram
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Mechanics of Breathing: look at diagram
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look at diagram
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RespiratoryMeasurements
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Tidal volume: amount of air moved into and out of lungs witheach normal breath
Vital capacity maximum volume exhaled after lungs fill tomaximum extent
Residual capacity: air volume remaining in lungs at end ofnormal expiration.
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Regulationof Breathing
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Respiratory center in medulla and pons: regulate respiration
Chemoreceptors: sensitive to increased CO2 concentration,stimulate respiratory centers, respond to increase in H+ or very low O2concentration.
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GasExchange
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O2 and CO2 exchange between alveoli and blood by diffusion
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Hemoglobin
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· Respiratory pigment in vertebrate blood
· Almost 99% of oxygen in human blood istransported as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
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DivingMammals
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Have high concentrations of myoglobin: pigment that storesoxygen in muscles
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Effectsof Barometric Pressure
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· As altitude increases, barometricpressure falls, less oxygen enters the blood: hypoxia, loss of consciousness,death
· Rapid decrease in barometric pressurecan cause decompression sickness: among divers who ascend too rapidly
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CO2Transport:
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· About 60% of CO2 in blood istransported as bicarbonate ions
· About 30% combines with hemoglobin
· About 10% is dissolved in plasma
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The Human Respiratory System: look at diagram
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Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes (excretorysystems)
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Fluid-ElectrolyteHomeostasis
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· Osmoregulation (water and solutebalance): active regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids, maintains fluidand electrolyte homeostasis
· Excretion: process of ridding body ofmetabolic wastes
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NitrogenousWastes
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· Ammonia (toxic): excreted mainly byaquatic animals
· Urea (less toxic): synthesis requiresenergy, excretion requires water
· Uric acid (less toxic): excreted assemisolid paste (conserves water)
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Osmoconformers
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· Most marine invertebrates
· Salt concentration of body fluidsvaries with change in sea water
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NephridialOrgans
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Help maintain homeostasis: by regulating concentration ofbody fluids, osmoregulation, excretion of metabolic wastes
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Protonedphridia, metanephrdia, malphighian tubules à look at diagrams
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TheVertebrate Kidney:
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· Excretes nitrogenous wastes
· Helps maintain fluid balance byadjusting salt and water content of urine
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ClickerQuestion:
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If stranded at sea, its not ok to drink oceanwater if your really really thirsty
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Adaptationto Habitats
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· Fresh water, marine, terrestrialhabitats: different problems for maintaining internal fluid balance, excretionof nitrogenous wastes
· Structure and function of vertebratekidney: adapted to various osmotic challenges of different habitats
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FreshwaterFishes:
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Take in water osmotically: excrete large volume of hypotonicurine
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MarineMammals:
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Ingest sea water with their food: produce concentratedurine, usable water is a byproduct of metabolism
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TerrestrialVertebrates
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· Must conserve water: adaptationsinclude efficient kidneys
· Endotherms: have a high metabolic rate,produce large volume of nitrogenous wastes
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Look at liver and all cells diagram of waste production andexcretion
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...· Principal excretory system in mammals
· Mammalian kidneys produce urine: passesthrough ureters, to urinary bladder for storage
· Urine is released from the body(urination) through the urethra
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TheUrinary System
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· Principal excretory system in mammals
· Mammalian kidneys produce urine: passesthrough ureters, to urinary bladder for storage
· Urine is released from the body(urination) through the urethra
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KidneyStructure I
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· Renal cortex: outer portion of kidney
· Renal medulla: inner portion of kidney,contains 8-10 renal pyramids
· Renal pyramids: tip of each pyramid isa renal papilla
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Kidney Structure 2:
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· Urine flows into collecting ducts:which empty through a renal papilla into the renal pelvis (funnel-shapedchamber)
· Nephrons: functional units of kidney,each kidney has more than 2 million
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NephronStructure
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· Each nephron consists of: a cluster ofcapillaries (glomerulus), surrounded by a Bowmman’s capsule, that opens into along, coiled renal tubule
· Renal tubule consists of: proximalconvoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
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BloodVessels 1
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· Blood flows through:
o Fromsmall branches of renal artery
o Toafferent arterioles
o Toglomerular capillaries
o Intoan efferent arteriole
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BloodVessels 2
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Efferent arteriole: delivers blood into peritubularcapillaries that surround the renal tubule
Blood leaves kidney through renal vein
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ClickerQuestion:
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Blood entering a kidney via a renal artery willbe: high in oxygen, low in carbon dioxide, relatively high in excess salts,relatively high in nitrogenous wastes
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Clicker Question:
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Blood leaving a kidney via a renal vein will be: low inoxygen, high in carbon dioxide, relatively low in excess salts, relatively lowin nitrogenous wastes
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UrineProduction
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· Filtration: of plasma
· Reabsorption: of needed materials
· Secretion: of potassium, hydrogen ionsinto renal tubule
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Filtration1
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· Plasma filters through glomerularcapillaries into Bowman’s capsule
· Filtration membrane: permeable walls ofcapillaries, filtration slits between podocytes
· Podocytes: specialized epithelialcells, makes up inner wall of Bowman’s capsule
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Filtration2:
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Filtration is nonselective: small molecules become part offiltrate, glucose, other needed materials metabolic wastes
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Reabsorption1:
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· About 99% of filtrate is reabsorbedfrom renal tubules into blood
· Highly selective process: returnsusable materials to blood, leaves wastes, excess substances to be excreted inthe urine
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Secretion
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Hydrogen ion, certain other ions, and some drugs areactively transported into renal tubule to become part of urine.
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Look at diagram: urine production
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Urine
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A watery solution of nitrogenous wastes, excess salts, andother substances not needed by the body
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AntidiureticHormone (ADH)
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· Posterior pituitary increases ADHrelease:
· When body needs to conserve water,responds to increase in osmotic concentration of blood (causes by dehydration).
· ADH increases permeability ofcollecting ducts of water: more water is reabsorbed, small volume of urine isproduc…
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Endocrine Regulation
Endocrine system:
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· Endocrine glands, cells, tissues thatsecrete hormones (chemical signals): regulage physiological processes
· Signals a wide range of target celltypes
· Most endocrine responses are slow: butlong-lasting
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NervousSystem
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· Helps regulate many endocrine responses
· Neurons signal other neurons, musclecells, gland cells: including endocrine cells
Responds rapidly to stimuli: transmits electrical and chemical signals
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KeyConcepts:
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The endocrine and nervous systems work closely together toregulate life processes and maintain homeostasis
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KeyConcepts:
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Most endocrine processes are regulated by negative feedbacksystems, often involving concentrations of specific ions or chemical compounds
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Look at diagram for human endocrine glands
LOOK AT TABLE 48_1 FOR SOME ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIRHORMONE FUNCTIONS.
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BIO 123: Exam 3