41 Cards in this Set
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Central Nervous System contrains:
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The brain and the spinal cord
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Function of the Central Nervous System
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Integrate information and control center for body actions
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Peripheral nervous system consists of
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Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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Function of peripheral nervous system
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Transmit information from the body to the CNS
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Name the two divisions within the nervous system
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Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)
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Characteristics of Sensory (afferent)
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-Somatic (Body) and visceral (Internal organs) nerve fibers
-Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
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Characteristics of Motor (efferent)
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-Motor nerve fibers
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to the effectors (muscles and glands)
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Name the two types of systems within the Motor division of the PNS
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Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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-Visceral motor
-Involuntary
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to the cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
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Somatic Nervous System
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-Somatic Motor
-Voluntary
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
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Name the two divisions within the Autonomic System
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Division
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Mobilizes body systems during activity, as in "fight or flight"
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Parasympathetic
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Conserves body energy and promotes "housekeeping" functions during rest
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Name the structures of the Neuron
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-Dendrite
-Nucleus
-Soma
-Axon hillock
-Axon
-Terminal buttons
-Myelin Sheaths
-Nodes de Ravier
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Name two examples of nerve cell morphologies
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Cortical pyramidal cell and Cerebellar Purkinje cell
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Synaptic Transmission
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specialized zone of contact at which one neuron communicates with another or effector cell
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Name 3 types of synaptic transmissions
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Electrical synapses
-Neural synapses
-Neuro-effector synapses
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Structure of Synapse
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Presynaptic cell and Postsynaptic cell
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Presynaptic cell
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Sender of information
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Postsynaptic cell
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Receiver of information
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Structure of Electrical synapse
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Direct contact between terminal buttons and dendrites
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Types of Synapses
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-Chemical
-Electrical
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Chemical Synapses
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Substance released across synaptic cleft is diffused.
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Electrical Synapses
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There is almost no gap here because proteins in pre and post synaptic neurons attach together to send impulses
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Synaptic Cleft
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The gap between the Pre and Post Synaptic Neurons
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Benefits of Electrical Synapses
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-Faster than chemical
-Faithful transmission of sub-threshold potentials
-Can be Bidirectional
Synchronized Electrical Activity
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Bad things about Electrical Synapse
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Not flexible
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Chemical Synapses
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Synaptic vessels carry neurotransmitters that are later released in synapse
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Benefits of Chemical Synapse
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-Greater Flexibility
-Functional complexity
-Numerous transmitters for different responses to stimuli
-Even more neurotransmitter receptors
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical that allows the movement of information from one neuron to adjacent neuron or effector
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Criteria for Chemical Synapse
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-Synthesized molecule in the presynaptic neuron
-Localized molecule in presynaptic terminal
-Released molecule upon stimulation of the presynaptic neuron
-Inactivation of molecules from synaptic cleft by either removal or reabsorbed
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Examples of Neurotransmitters
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-Acetylcholine (Ach)
-Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine,
Epinephrine
-Glutamate, Glycine, GABA
-Histamine
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Neurotransmitter Cycle
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1)Synthesis
2)Storage
3)Release
4)Postsynaptic effects
5)Inactivation
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Synthesis of ACh
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Choline + Acetyl-CoA--> Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter release process
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1)Action potential travels along axon to terminals
2)Depolarization of nerve terminal
3)Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels
4)Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane
5)Neurotransmitter released into synaptic gap
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Action Potential synonym
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"Nerve Impulse"
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Action Potential
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Is produced when "threshold potential" is reached
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Steps in Action Potential
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-Depolarization
-Repolarization
-Hyperpolarization
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Depolarization
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rise of the membrane potential (mediated by Na+ channels)
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Repolarization
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return of membrane potential to resting potential (opening of K+ channels)
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Hyperpolarization
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When the potential dips even more negative than the resting potential resulting in a refractory period
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BIO 123: Exam 3