104 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
chemosynthetic autotrophs
|
use inorganic chemical reactions as a source of energy rather than using light
|
|
photosynthetic autotrophs
|
use light to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials
|
|
heterotrophs
|
use energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules
|
|
respiration in eukaryotic cells
|
biochemical processes are carried out in chloroplasts and mitochondria
|
|
respiration in prokaryotic cells
|
carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surface of the cell membrane or on other special membranes
|
|
autotrophs
|
make their own energy from inorganic materials
|
|
aerobic cellular respiration
|
series of enzyme-controlled chemical reactions in which oxygen is involved in the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; chemical bond energy from glucose is released to the cell in the form of ATP
|
|
where cellular respiration occurs
|
mitochondria and cytoplasm
|
|
molecules involved in cellular respiration
|
glucose, NAD+, ATP, pyruvate, phosphoglyceraldehyde, NADPH, excited electrons, carbon dioxide, coenyzyme A, acetol-CoA, FAD, carbon, oxygen, NADH, FADH, citric acid, oxaloacetate, CoQ, and cytochrome C
|
|
enzymes involved in cellular respiration
|
coenzyme A, acetol-CoA, and CoQ
|
|
three stages of cellular respiration
|
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system
|
|
where glycolysis occurs
|
cytoplasm
|
|
glycolysis process
|
requires input of 2ATP
glucose+ 2ATP + 2NAD+ --> 4ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
glucose broken into two 3-C molecules called phosphoglyceraldehyde which undergoes transformations to make pyruvic acid.
hydrogen and electrons are released and picked up by NAD+ to form NADH and transferred to…
|
|
where the krebs cycle occurs
|
mitochondria
|
|
krebs cycle process
|
3-C pyruvate enters mitochondria after glycolysis.
one C removed to make CO2 (byproduct)
remaining 2-C molecule attaches to CoA to make acetyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized; all hydrogens and electrons are removed; FAD and NAD+ take electrons to ETS; carbon and oxygen form CO2…
|
|
where the electron transport system occurs
|
mitochondria
|
|
electron transport system process
|
electrons carried by NADH enter reactions in complex 1; energy is lost and the electrons are picked up my CoQ.
electrons carried by FADH2 enter complex 2; electrons are transferred to CoQ.
CoQ transfers electrons to complex 3; lose energy and electrons are transferred to cytochrome c.
…
|
|
anerobic cellular respiration
|
does not require oxygen as the final electron acceptor; may use pyruvate or NO2 instead.
|
|
alcohol fermentation
|
starts with glycolysis which produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP).
pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide which are released as wastes.
|
|
lactic acid fermentation
|
starts with glycolysis which produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP).
purtvate is reduced to lactic acid; CO2 is not released.
performed in muscle cells, not brain cells.
|
|
fat respiration
|
fats broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enters glycolysis.
fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA and enters krebs cycle.
each molecule of fat makes more ATP than glucose, so its a good energy-storage molecule
|
|
protein respiration
|
proteins digested into amino acids.
amino acids have amino group removed to generate a keto acid like acetic acid or pyruvate.
enters krebs cycle at the appropriate place.
|
|
what organisms can perform photosynthesis
|
plants, algae, certain protozoa, and bacteria
|
|
where photosynthesis occurrs
|
chloroplast
|
|
photosynthesis reactants and products
|
reactants: carbon dioxide and water
products: glucose and oxygen
|
|
photosynthesis formula
|
light+6CO2+6H2O --> C6H1206+ 6H2O
|
|
3 distinct events of photosynthesis
|
light capture event
light dependent reaction
light independent reaction
|
|
where light capture events occur
|
thylakoid (antenna complex photosystem I)
|
|
antenna complex
|
a network of hundreds of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules whose role is to capture photons of light energy and transfer the energy to the reaction center
|
|
why light capture events occur
|
to excite electrons
|
|
what happens in light capture events
|
when chlorophyll molecules are struck by and absorb photons, its electrons become excited.
the energy of the excited electron is passed from one pigment to another through the antenna complex network
this process continues until the combined energies are transferred to the reaction cent…
|
|
reaction center
|
consists of a complex of chlorophyll a and protein molecules
|
|
where light dependent events occur
|
thylakoid (end of photosystem II beginning of photosystem I)
|
|
why light dependent events occur
|
establishes proton gradient to produce ATP and produce NADPH in photosystem I
|
|
what happens in light dependent reactions
|
excited electrons from photosystem II are sent through a series of electron-transport reactions, in which they give up some of their energy, and are accepted by the chlorophyll molecules in the antenna comples of photosystem I
while this is happening, protons are pumped from the stroma…
|
|
where light independent reactions occur
|
stroma
|
|
materials needed for light independent reactions
|
ATP, NADPH, CO2, and 5-C ribulose
|
|
light independent reactions are also called
|
carbon fixation and the calvin cycle
|
|
why light independent reactions occur
|
to synthesize large, organic molecules
|
|
light independent reactions process/ carbon fixation/calvin cycle
|
carbon dioxide combines with ribulose to form an unstable 6-C molecule (carried out by RuBisCo)
6 carbon molecule breaks down into two 3-C molecules
each of these molecules undergoes a series of reactions involving a transfer of energy from ATP and a transfer of hydrogen from NADPH.…
|
|
light independent reactions formula
|
CO2 +ATP+NADPH+5-C ribulose --> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate+ NADP+ + ADP+ P
|
|
RuBisCo
|
the enzyme that combines carbon dioxide and ribulose
reportedly the most abundant enzyme on the planet
|
|
ribulose
|
5-C starter molecule used in the calvin cycle
|
|
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
|
the product of the calvin cycle. can be use to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules, but also is used to regenerate ribulose for use in the calvin cycle
|
|
why photosynthesis is important to humans
|
medicine, clothes, food, oxygen, stable climate
|
|
chlorophyll
|
molecules in chloroplasts, being mostly a and b, which reflect mostly blue and yellow light, giving plants their green pigment
|
|
thylakoids
|
circular sections within the chloroplasts where light capture events take place
|
|
grana
|
stacks of thylakoids
|
|
stoma
|
the part of the inside of a chloroplast that is not a thylakoid
|
|
accessory pigments
|
photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophylls that enable an organism to use more colors of the visible light spectrum for photosythesis
|
|
what does DNA stand for
|
deoxyriboneucleic acid
|
|
what does RNA stand for
|
ribonucleic acid
|
|
nucleic acids
|
long polymers made of many repeating nucleotides
|
|
nucleotides
|
comprised of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
|
|
base pair rule for DNA
|
AT GnC
|
|
base pair rule for RNA
|
AU GnC
|
|
process of DNA replication
|
helicase unwinds DNA
DNA polymerase attaches new nucleotides to the surface of the exposed strands
results in two identical, double-stranded DNA molecules
|
|
the central dogma
|
DNA is the language of the genetic blueprint
Transcribed into a working language (RNA)
translated to protein language to make a functional protein
|
|
RNA structure
|
same as DNA except ribose sugar and uracil
|
|
RNA function
|
protein synthesis
|
|
three types of RNA
|
Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA
|
|
transcription
|
RNA polymerase reads the coding strand of DNA and makes mRNA
|
|
steps of translation
|
initiation, elongation, termination
|
|
initiation
|
small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA and stops at the start codon, AUG
|
|
elongation
|
tRNAs keeep bringing amino acids to the ribosome according to what each codon calls for
|
|
termination
|
the stop codon is reached and no more amino acids are brought to the ribosome.
ribosomal subunits detach and protein is released along with the mRNA
|
|
types of replication mutations
|
point, insertion, deletion
|
|
types of proetin synthesis mutations
|
missense, silent, and nonsense
|
|
missense mutation
|
a mutation causes an incorrect amino acid to be used in protein synthesis
|
|
silent
|
mutation does not cause an incorrect amino acid to be used or does not interrupt protein function
|
|
nonsense
|
stop codon comes too early
|
|
three types of cell division
|
binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis
|
|
prokaryotes cell division
|
binary fission
|
|
eukaryotes cell division
|
mitosis and meiosis
|
|
binary fission
|
the cell's single DNA loops replicates an attaches to the plasma membrane inside the cell
|
|
result of mitosis
|
2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
|
|
result of meiosis
|
4 daughter cells with half the genetic information of the parent cell
|
|
three phases of interphase
|
g1, s, and g2
|
|
G1 phase
|
cell gathers nutrients from environment
|
|
S phase
|
DNA replication
|
|
G2 phase
|
final preparations made for mitosis
|
|
2 events in mitosis
|
4 phases of mitosis and cytokinesis
|
|
4 phases of mitosis
|
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
|
|
prophase
|
chromosomes condense, membrane and nucleolus dissassemble, and spindle/fibers form
|
|
metaphase
|
chromosomes align at the equatorial plane, spindle fibers attach to centromeres
|
|
anaphase
|
enzyme digests centromeres, sister chromatids move along spindle fibers to opposite poles
|
|
telophase
|
spindle/fibers disassemble, nucleolus/membrane reform, and preps to return to interphase
|
|
kinnetochore
|
acts to pull each chromatid to its pole
|
|
when is mitosis complete
|
when the genetic information is separated into two nuclei
|
|
cytokinesis in animals
|
cleavage furrow
|
|
cytokinesis in plants
|
cell plate
|
|
difference between mitosis and meiosis
|
mitosis- growth and tissue repair
meiosis- sperm and eggs
|
|
three things that help genetic diversity
|
segregation, crossing over, independent assortment and mutations
|
|
prophase I
|
chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, membrane disassembles, SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER
|
|
metaphase I
|
chromosomes align along equatorial plane IN SYNAPSE PAIRS
|
|
anaphase I
|
synpase pairs separate and move toward poles, REDUCTION IN POLIDY 2N->N
|
|
telophase I
|
spindle fibers disassemble, chromosomes uncoil, nucleolus/membrane reform, half genetic material from each parent
|
|
prophase II
|
chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nucleolus/membrane disassembles if needed
|
|
metaphase II
|
chromosomes align on equatorial plane
|
|
anaphase II
|
chromatids separate and move to poles. SEGREGATION AND INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT DO NOT OCCUR
|
|
telophase II
|
chromosomes uncoil, nucleolus/membrane reform, spindle fibers disappear
|
|
what does meiosis produce
|
gametes
|
|
independent assortment
|
synapse pairs do not have to line up in the same order as other synapse pairs
|
|
segregation
|
when homo chromosomes separate, the alleles of each chromosome stay with the chromosome it is located in
|
PLB 115: TEST 2