PLB 115 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last LectureI. Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA)II. NutritionIII. VitaminsIV. MineralsV. WaterVI. Dietary Reference IntakesVII. GrainsVIII. Fruits IX. VegetablesX. DairyXI. ProteinsXII. OilXIII. ExerciseOutline of Current LectureI. Cardio Vascular System & make-upII. Blooda. Formed elementsb. PlasmaIII. HeartIV. Anatomy of hearta. Ventriclesb. AtriaV. ArteriesVI. ArteriolesVII. VeinsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Organ Systems of transport: Circulatory system, Lymphatic system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Excretory systemWhy systems necessary: Big, multicellular organisms need way to deliver oxygen & nutrients to the cells inside tissues & rid of waste productsCardio Vascular System: Pumps blood- Made up of: Blood, Heart, Vessels- Blood: Fluid that transports materials and heat- Heart: Muscle that forcefully pumps blood throughout body- Vessels: Move blood through bodyo 3 kinds: Arteries (carry blood away from heart to tissues), veins (from tissues to heart), capillaries (small, carry out transport btwn cells & blood)Blood- Made of: Several kinds of cells (formed elements) & plasma (dissolved materials)Functions- Transports molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones) & cells (immune cells, antibodies)- Regulates temperature : Temp too high, blood pushed to surface of skin to radiate heat; Temp too low, blood pushed to core to preserve heatFormed elements (of blood)- Red blood cells: No nucleus, attaches to hemoglobin, transports oxygen & carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate to dissolve in blood)o Anemia= Not able to carry (enough) oxygen correctly Caused by low amounts of iron (needed to transport oxygen) or hemoglobin or red blood cells- White blood cells (leukocytes): (No hemoglobin, have a nucleus) o Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes  Function: Defend body against microorganisms, damaging chemicals, cancer- Platelets (thrombocytes): Fragments of special white blood cello Function: Blood clotting- platelets come to wound site, start reactions to trap blood cells & form a clot, clots (scabs) then replaced by healthy tissuePlasma- Liquid part- 90% water- Have salts that buffer & maintain blood pH & maintain osmotic balanceContainProteins - Albumin: Primarily helps maintain osmotic balance & blood pH- Globulin: Antibodies & other immune proteinso Basic regulatory proteinso Lipoproteins carry fats & cholesterol- Nutrients- Amino acids & sugars dissolved here- HormonesHeart: Pumps blood by repeatedly contracting to move blood into vessels & keep blood moving4 chambers 2 ventricles: Large & muscular, force blood through arteries to body. Aorta & pulmonary artery come out of ventriclesRight Ventricle: pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation for carbon dioxide & oxygen exchange in lungs)Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to all other body parts (from heart) o Called systemic circulation- allows delivery of oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange in the tissues2 atria: Above ventricles. Small, thin walls, pump blood into ventriclesRight Atrium: receives blood from bodyLeft Atrium: Receives blood from lungs- Ventricle & atrium separated by atrioventricular valves that ensures blood doesn’t flow in wrong direction- Aorta & pulmonary arteries separated by semilunar valves to prevent backflow upon relaxationo Damaged valves= inefficient pumping. “Heart murmurs” as some blood pushed backwardsArteries: Pump blood away from heart- branch out into arterioles- Thick, muscular, elastic walls (stretch when blood pressure increases b/c ventricle contraction)o Blood pressure measured here- Systolic blood pressure: The contraction of the ventricles that increases pressure in arteries- Diastolic blood pressure: Relaxation of the ventricles that decreases pressure in arterieso Normal blood pressure: Systolic/Diastolic- 120/80Arterioles: Small arteries that empty into capillaries- Walls have smooth muscle that contract or relaxo Contraction: Lessens blood flow to capillarieso Relaxation: Increases blood flow to capillariesVeins: Collect blood from capillaries & return it to heart- Walls not so muscular, very low pressure (slow blood movement, contractions help speed flow)- Valves to prevent backflow (dysfunction= varicose veins)o Sitting or standing for long time can cause pooling of blood in the feet & swelling & fainting b/c brain doesn’t get enough blood (blood given to feet