131 Cards in this Set
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flower
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a branch system terminated by a series of modified leaves that are specialized for reproduction
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calyx
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composed of sepals - lowest position on the receptacle
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corolla
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composed of petals - interior to the sepals
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androecium
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composed of stamens - interior to petals
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gynoecium
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composed of carpels - highest position on the receptacle
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stigma
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receptive portion where pollen adheres and germinates
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style
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where pollen tubes grow
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ovary
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the swollen lower portion containing the ovules
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stamen
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a microsporophyll bearing microsporangia
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carpel
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a megasporophyll bearing an integumented megasporangium
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staminode
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Vestigial or non-functional stamen
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dehiscent
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Ovary wall splits open and releases seeds at maturity
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follicle
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Single carpel that opens at maturity
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capsule
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Multiple fused carpels (compound gynoecium) that opens at maturity
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achene
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One-seeded, pericarp closely fitting but not fused to seed coat
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nut
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From syncarpous gynoecium, with hard, thick wall
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schizocarp
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From syncarpous gynoecium; splits at maturity into 2 or more mericarps
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berry
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From multiple carpels
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drupe
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From one carpel.
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caryopsis
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Pericarp fused to the seed coat
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legume
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come in a wide variety of morphologies, but are always from just a single carpel
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nyphaeaceae
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Flowers: Actinomorphic, parts numerous and spirally arranged. Sepals and petals undifferentiated, grading into each other. Stamens often grading into the petals (laminar). Flowers functionally staminate day one, carpellate day two; bee or beetle pollinated.
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nyph
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary, emergent
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nymphaeaceae
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Fruits: Berry-like, spongy below
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nymph
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Habit: Perennial aquatics
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nymph
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Leaves: borne from a large rhizome. Vessels absent or present only in rhizome. Petiole and leaf tissue with aerenchyma. Leave floating, often large, peltate or cordate
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Nuphar/
Victoria
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two genera in nymph
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magnolia
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Flowers: Actinomorphic, numerous spirally arranged parts on a conical receptacle. Stamens laminar. Gynoecium apocarpous
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magnolia
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary
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magnolia
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Fruits: Follicles (from one carpel, dehiscing on 1 side). Seeds surrounded by fleshy ARIL suspended by a thread-like funiculus (Magnolia). Fruit inLiriodendron an aggregate of samaras
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magnolia
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Habit: Trees and shrubs with ethereal oils (aromatic terpenoids)
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magnolia
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Leaves: Alternate, simple, stipulate
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Liriodendron
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one genera in magnolia
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Annon
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Flowers: Actinomorphic, 3-merous. Petals in two series, fleshy. Stamens numerous, spirally arranged. Gynoecium apocarpous or basally syncarpous
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annon
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Inflorescence: Flowers usually solitary
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annon
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Fruits: Berries or aggregates; large and edible in some! Seeds with RUMINATE (folded) endosperm
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annon
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Habit: Trees and shrubs
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annon
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Leaves: Simple, alternate, without stipules
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Asimina/
Cananga
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two genera in annonaceae
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laura
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Plant Sex: Flowers bisexual or unisexual (polygamous as well as dioecious
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laura
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Tepals in two series (undifferentiated perianth) sometimes connate and adnate to stamens forming a short hypathium. Stamens in three series; may be staminodial. Anther dehiscence by FLAPS or VALVES
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laura
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Inflorescence: Various; axillary, cymes, and racemes
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laura
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Fruits: Drupes or 1-seeded berries
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laura
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Habit: Mostly trees, shrubs, often aromatic owing to the presence of ethereal oils. One genus (Cassytha) a parasitic vine
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laura
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Leaves: When present, simple, alternate, entire (or lobed in Sassafras), usually without stipules
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Sassafras/
Litsea
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two genera in laura
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berber
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Flowers: Actinomorphic, often 3-merous. Sepal-like bracts subtend the flowers in this. Sepals and petals distinct, imbricate; petals in two series, often with nectaries on inner series. Stamens TACTILE in this (move when touched); anthers open by flaps or slits (Podophyllum, Nandina). Gyn…
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berber
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Inflorescence: Solitary and scapose (Jeffersonia) to panicles and racemes
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berber
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Fruits: Berries and follicles. Seeds"gymnospermous" in Caulophyllum, i.e. the seed bursts through the ovary wall and develops exposed
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berber
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Habit: Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials
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berber
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Leaves: Alternate or opposite; simple or pinnately compound, ternate, or 2X ternate; peltate
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Nandina/
Podophyllum
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two genera in berber
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ranun
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Flowers: Actinomorphic and zygomorphic. Numerous spirally arranged parts Gynoecium apocarpous
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ranun
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary, in cymes, racemes, panicles
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ranun
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Fruits: Follicles, achenes, berries
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ranun
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Habit: Annual and perennial herbs or vines (Clematis
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ranun
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Leaves: Usually alternate, simple or compound, mostly without stipules
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Anemone/
Caltha
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two genera in ranun
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papa
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Flowers: Sepals often CADUCOUS (early deciduous)
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papa
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flowers: actinomorphic, perianth parts free. Petals crumpled in bud, wrinkled when expanded. Stamens numerous. Ovary with many carpels, placentation parietal...Fumarioideae - zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), outer 2 petals with spur, inner two apically connate. Stamens fused into t…
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papa
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary, or in cymes, racemes
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papa
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Fruits: Capsules opening by pores, valves, or longitudinal slits
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papa
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Seeds: With fleshy ARIL (elaiosome - ant dispersed
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papa
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Habit: Annual and perennial herbs, some woody. Sap milky (with latex, laticifers) containing ALKALOIDS or sap clear with alkaloids
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papa
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Leaves: Entire to lobed or compound, alternate to almost opposite or whorled.
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Dicentra/
Corydalis
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two genera in papa
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cactus
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Flowers: Actinomorphic and zygomorphic. Sepals grade into petals. A floral cup (HYPANTHIUM) is usually present. Gynoecium with one locule, many parietal ovules.
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cactus
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary and sessile
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cactus
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Fruits: Berries
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cactus
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Habit: Fleshy (succulent) perennials forming phylloclades. Some tree-like and some epiphytic (e.g. Rhipsalis)
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cactus
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Leaves: Simple, alternate (e.g. Pereskia) but usually early deciduous or reduced to spines. In Opuntia, spines raised upon an AREOLE with GLOCHIDS(image) at base
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Schlumbergera/Mammillaria
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two genera in cactus
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cary
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Sepals free or connate. Petals often notched, sometimes deeply (Stellaria). Free central placentation
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cary
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary or in dichasial cymes
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cary
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Fruits: Capsules opening by apical teeth
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cary
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Habit: Annual and perennial herbs. Nodes often swollen
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cary
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Leaves: Simple, opposite, sometimes with joined leaf bases
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Dianthus/
Stellaria
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two genera in cary
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poly
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Plant Sex: Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants dioecious)
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poly
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Tepals 6, sometimes in two series - appearing like sepals and petals
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poly
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary or in racemes, spikes, cymes
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cary
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Fruits: Achenes, triangular or lenticular (lens-shaped) in cross-section, or a small nut. Plants that seem to be in flower may have mature fruits since the sepals are persistent
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cary
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Habit: Annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, vines or trees (in tropical regions)
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cary
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Leaves: Mostly alternate, entire, with a sheath formed from the stipules at the base of the petiole called an OCHREA (pl. ochreae)
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Rumex/
Rheum
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poly
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portula
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Stamens occur OPPOSITE the petals. Basal placentation. Sepals interpreted as bracts by some
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portula
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes
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portula
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Fruits: Loculicidal capsules, pyxis
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portula
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Habit: Annual and perennial herbs, often succulent
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portula
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Leaves: Alternate or opposite, simple, often fleshy, stipules present
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Claytonia/
Talinum
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two genera in portula
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crass
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Sepals free or connate. Petals free or connate. Stamens free or adnate to corolla Carpels free or united at base
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crass
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Inflorescence: Cymes
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crass
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Fruits: Follicles
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crass
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Habit: Often succulent herbs, some annual and perennial herbs and shrubs
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crass
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Leaves: Simple, alternate, opposite or whorled, no stipules
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Kalanchoe/
Cotyledon
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two genera in crass
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hamam
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Plant Sex: Flowers bisexual and unisexual (plants then monoecious)
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hamam
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Flowers: Actinomorphic. Sepals often connate below. Very early or later flowering in this
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hamam
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Inflorescence: Spikes, racemes, heads
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hamam
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Fruits: Loculicidal and septicidal capsules
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hamam
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Seeds: In this, capsule opens, later ejects seeds
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hamam
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Habit: Trees and shrubs, some are resionous
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hamam
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Leaves: Simple, alternate (rarely compound), with stipules. Stellate hairs sometimes present
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Corylopsis/
Fothergilla
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two genera in hamam
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sax
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Flowers: Actinomorphic
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sax
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Flowers: perigynous (with hypanthium). Carpels free above, connate below. Ovary superior, inferior, or half inferior.
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sax
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Inflorescence: Racemes or cymes
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sax
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Fruits: Capsules and follicles
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sax
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Habit: Perennial herbs. Saxifraga means "rock breaker
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sax
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Leaves: Alternate or basal, without stipules
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Heuchera/
Mitella
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two genera in sax
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euphorb
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Flowers: Two types: the first is the "this" type - with the perianth very reduced and the flowers in a specialized inflorescence (cyathium, see below). The second is the "non-this" type with more typical flowers, sometimes with connate petals. In this Jatropha, note the unisexual flowers …
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euphorb
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Inflorescence: Cymes a CYATHIUM. Nectar glands often present on the rim of the cyathium (the bracts)
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euphorb
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Fruits: Schizocarpic capsule splitting into 3 mericarps (fruit of Codiaeum)
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euphorb
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Habit: Extremely variable: annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or (in the tropics) large trees. Many members succulent, esp. in S. Africa (image). Sap milky (with latex) in some members (image).
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euphorb
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Leaves: Commonly alternate and simple when present
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Ricinus/ croton
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two genera in euphorb
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viola
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Flowers: Zygomorphic - one petal modified into a spur. One of the stamens with a nectary that protrudes into the spur (image). Petals often bearded. Anthers with membranous apical appendage. Placentation parietal (image). In Viola, both chasmogamous (outcrossed) and cleistogamous (selfed)…
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viola
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Inflorescence: Flowers solitary and axillary (scapose) or in racemes, heads, panicles, or cymes
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viola
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Fruits: Loculicidal capsules (image) - rarely a berry, nut or samara.
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viola
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Habit: Perennial herbs, shrubs, rarely trees or lianas
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viola
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Leaves: Alternate, simple or lobed; stipule present.
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Hybanthus/
Cubelium
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two genera in viola
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salic
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Plant Sex: Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious)
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salic
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Flowers: Very reduced, adapted to wind or insect pollination. Perianth represented by a nectary (Salix) or scaly cup (Populus). Flowers often subtended by a bract. Placentation parietal
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salic
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Inflorescence: Flowers in AMENTS (catkins)
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salic
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Fruits: Capsules with comose (hairy) seeds that are wind dispersed
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salic
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Habit: Trees and shrubs, some dwarfed (arctic). Salicin (salicylic acid, aspirin) from Salix
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salic
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Leaves: Alternate, simple, stipulate
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Populus/
salix
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two genera in salic
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BIOL 304: EXAM 2