57 Cards in this Set
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Catastrophism
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In geology, the view that most landforms are the product of catastrophic events, such as the flood at the time of Noah described in the bible.
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Intron
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(Intervening sequence). A non coding stretch of DNA nucleotides that occurs between the coding regions of a gene and that must be spliced out after transcription to produce a functional messenger RNA.
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Species
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Groups of interbreeding populations that are evolutionarily independent of other populations.
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Microevolution
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Changes in gene frequencies and trait distributions that occur within populations and species.
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Law of Succession
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The observation that fossil types are succeeded, in the same geographic area, by similar fossil or living species.
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Transitional Form
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A species that exhibits traits common to ancestral and derived groups, especially when the groups are sharply differentiated.
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Retrotransposons
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Transposable elements that move via an RNA intermediate and contain the coding sequence for reverse transcriptase, closely related to retroviruses.
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Retrovirus
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An RNA virus whose genome is reverse transcribed to DNA by reverse transcriptase.
Any RNA virus that can synthesize DNA from its own RNA.
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Amniota
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A clade of vertebrate animals defined by, among other characteristics, an amniotic egg. Extant amniotes include the mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds.
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Species tree
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a phylogeny showing the relationships among a suite of species, typically estimated from numerous independent genes.
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Fossil
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Any trace of an organism that lived in the past.
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Fossil record
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The complete collection of fossils, located in many institutions around the world.
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Vestigal traits
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Rudimentary traits that are homologous to fully functional traits in closely related species.
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Processed pseudogene
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A _______ that originated when a messenger RNA from which the introns had already been removed was reverse transcribed and inserted into the genome.
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Radiometric Dating
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Techniques for assigning absolute ages to rock samples.
Rock formations and fossil-bearing strata are chronologically arranged.
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Absolute Dating
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Based on the ratio of parent-daughter radioactive isotopes present.
Use unstable isotopes of naturally occuring elements. Each isotope decays at a constant rate.
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Superimposition
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Rock layers ( younger on top, older on bottom)
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Horizontality
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Original layout is horizontal (rocks)
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Cross-cutting
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intruding rocks are younger
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Inclusion
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coble, boulders inside rocks are older
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Faunal succession
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Recent life forms are more similar to existing life forms, simpler life forms are earlier.
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Half-life
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the time (in years) it takes for 50% of the amount of parent isotope to decay.
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Evidence of microevolution
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Selective breeding in mice,
Flowering time in field mustard
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Evidence of speciation
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New "species" of o6 virus
Stages of speciation 3-spine sticklebacks
Ring species-the Siberian greenish warbler
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Evidence of macroevolution
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Extinction and succession
Transitional Forms
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Transitional Fish
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leaping blenny
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Transitional bird
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Archaeopteryx
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Transitional turtle
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Odontochelys
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Evidence of Common Ancestry
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Structural homology
Molecular homology
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Uniformitarianism
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The assumption that processes identical to those at work today are responsible for events that occurred in the past, first articulated by James Hutton, the founder of modern geology.
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Virion
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AKA virus particle. The extracellular form of a virus
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Reverse transcriptase
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A viral enzyme that can synthesize DNA from and RNA template.
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Epitope
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A short piece of viral protein displayed on the viruse's surface and which immune system cells use to recognize the virus.
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CD4
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The first protein that HIV binds to on human T cells
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Coreceptor
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The second protein HIV binds to on human T cells.
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Darwinian fitness
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The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a certain environment, compared to others.
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Adaptation
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Any trait that increases fitness
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2 scientists who discovered natural selection
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Darwin and Wallace
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Natural selection acts directly or indirectly on phenotypes and directly or indirectly on genotypes?
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directly
indirectly
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Preadaptations
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A trait evolved for one function, but that coincidentally is also suited for a new, different function.
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Blending inheritance
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Theory that offspring inherited traits by blending components inherited from each parent, such that original component is altered.
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Mutation is ________
but _______ is not.
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random
selection
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A key flaw of the intelligent design theory is that it fails to recognize the importance of __________.
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Preadaptation
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Exons
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The nucleotide sequence that occurs between introns and that remains in the messenger RNA after the introns have been spliced out.
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Dioecious
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Described a species in which male and females reproduce function occurs in separate individuals, usually used with plants.
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Genetic Recombination
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The placement of allele copies into multi-locus genotypes (on chromosomes or within gametes) that are different from the multi-locus genotypes they belonged to in the previous generation; results from meiosis with crossing-over and sexual reproduction with outcrossing.
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Secondary Adaptation
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Additional adaptive evolution of a trait following cooperation for a novel function.
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Modern Synthesis
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A broad based effort, accomplished in the 1930s and 1940s, to unite Mendelian genetics with the theory of evolution by natural selection; also called the evolutionary synthesis.
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Exaptation
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A character that has been co-opted during evolution for a novel function.
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H2
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Symbol for the narrow-sense heritability
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Natural selection
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A difference, on average between the survival or fecundity of individuals with certain phenotypes compared with individuals with other phenotypes.
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Heritability
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In the broad sense, the fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is caused by genetic differences among individuals; in the narrow sense, that fraction of the total variation that is due to the additive effects of genes.
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Adaptive traits
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A trait that increases the fitness of its bearer.
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Best-fit line
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The line that most accurately represents the trend of the data in a scatterplot; typically best-fit lines are calculated by least-squares linear regression.
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Inheritance of acquired characters
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The hypothesis that phenotypic changes in the parental generation can be passed on, intact, to the next generation.
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Altruism
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Behavior that decreases the fitness of the actor and increased the fitness of the recipient.
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Variance
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A measure of the variation among the numbers in a list; to calculate the variance of a lost of number, first square the difference between each number and the mean of the list, then take the sum of the squared differences and divided it by the number f items in the list. ( for technical r…
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BIOL 304: EXAM 2