BIOL 304: METHOD IN SYSTEMATICS
30 Cards in this Set
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Qualitative
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nonnumeric, such as shapes, forms
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Quantitative
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Numeric (some measurement)
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Discrete
(Discontinuous)
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Binary Characters-present or absent, (No 1/2 way) or Multistate e.g. 0,1,2...
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Continuous
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an infinite number of states btw any two states, can be decimals
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Ingroup
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Group Being Studied
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Outgroup
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Not distantly related, used to root the tree
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Plesiomorphy
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The Original (Ancestral) Character State
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Apomorphy
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A derived character or character state
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Autapomorphy
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Uninformative differences unique to particular in-group taxa
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Phylogram
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A cladogram that shows branch length proportional to the amount of character change.
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Homoplasy
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Uninformativesimilarity due to convergence
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Monophyly
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Composed of a common ancestor and all its descendents. (Cut method, one cut below the group, no cuts above this point)
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Paraphyly
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Contains some but not all the descendants of a common ancestor. ("cut" method, one cut below the group, one cut above this point)
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Polyphyly
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Does not contain an ancester common to all taxa. ("cut" method, one cut below the group, two or more cuts above this point)
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Monophyletic Group
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Paraphyletic Group
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Polyphyletic Group
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Phenetics Seek to express what?
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express natural relationships among organisms by analyzing large numbers of equally weighted, noncorrelated characters
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Phenetic Classification doesn't touch?
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makes no assumptions about phylogeny, no implications on ancestry, no statements on evolution of the group
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R. R. Sokal & Peter H. A. Sneath
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Working on bacterial classfication systems using computers. Later wrote Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification in 1963
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Michel Adanson (French, 1727-1806)
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used 65 different characters to classify plant families. Philosophical (if not actual) basis for numerical taxonomic methods that followed
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Define OTU
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Operational Taxonomic Unit
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what is "S" when dealing with phenetics?
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Simple Matching Coefficient
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What is phenetics?
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A more informal way of classifying groups of organisms based on similar morphological characteristics
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Simple Matching Coefficient equation
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S = # matches between two OTUs
X 100 [matches = 1, 1 and 0,0]
Total # of characters
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Clustering Technique
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It produces a dendrogram.
A commonly used one is UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averaging)
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UPGMA
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Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averaging
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Cladistic Approach
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Relationships based on shared or derived characteristics (a tree)
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Two big names in Cladistic Approach
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Warren Wagner Jr and Wilhelm Hennig
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Boot-Strapping
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an advanced computer algorithm that is used to create maximum-likelihood phylogenies, or "family trees"
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BIOL 304: EXAM 2