SOC 001: FINAL EXAM
106 Cards in this Set
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Sociology
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The study of society
-systematic and scientific approach to find patterns
-how and why society works
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Sociologist
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A researcher interested in systematically studying social phenomena
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Rules
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The basic premise for living in society is due to _____ we live by that allows civilization to advance.
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Body, nature, and personal relationships
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According to Freud, the 3 sources of "Availability to Unhappiness" is...
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Self (Body/id)
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Concepts within the human body that have "basic needs"
Example: eating
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social control and social stratification
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Two basic ways to delineate from others.
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Social control
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Rules we follow on a daily basis without even realizing it. It helps us determine our role in society and delineate who fits in and who does not. For example: fraternity and sorority requirements and rules
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State, private institutions, and people
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Levels of Social Control
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Social class
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Socioeconomic opportunities that include boundaries blocking entry & moving up
Example: people are born into their status; it's not a personal choice
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Economics
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What social science did sociology branch out from?
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Microinteraction (Semiotics)
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Objects are not objects, things have meaning. We give meaning to things; nothing has intrinsic value. All value and meaning is ascribed by society. It includes the interactions we participate in on the daily.
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language
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Our thoughts are restricted by the __________ we have learned to interact.
For example: Native Americans and people in Alaska have different words to describe snow and ski.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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All interactions as a learning experience. All symbols and meanings are learned through interactions, which is constantly negotiated. We act in a certain way to achieve a goal. Our intuitions limit the negotiation. We act upon expectations.
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Role Theory
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We take on roles on a daily basis
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Society as a drama play
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What analogy does Berger use to talk about society?
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Given
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The conscious attempts we make as individuals to control our image of a situation
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Given-Off
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The ways others perceive us, despite our best attempts to control out image or situation
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Given-Off
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What part do sociologists focus on, the "Given" or "Given-Off?"
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Rational/Utilitarian Tradition
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A form of analysis that focuses on small units, yet asks different questions of "how to achieve goals" and "making transactions"
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False (It's a historical process. Becoming rational is a slow process that has taken thousands of years)
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True or False: According to Weber, rationalization is an immediate process. Becoming rational is a fast process.
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Polytheism
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Having many gods available. A person can follow the rules of several gods, which might contradict one another
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Monotheism
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Having one god with a set of rules. Legal code is established and non-negotiable because there are no other deities
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Rationalization
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A concept that describes the way in which the choices we make are based on a set of expectations. Our actions have consequences, so we try to assess them in order to make the best choices
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Iron Cage
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If we try to act rationally, if we could predict the consequences of each of our actions, we would live in an ______ ______.
-completely limited
-unable to interact with others
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Uneven Exchange
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When some exchanges are impossible to repay/return
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No
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Yes or No: Is status power?
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True
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True or False: We marry within our social class. It's easier to communicate and reproduce that status.
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Homan's Social Exchange
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A man who's name is incorporated into a concept that describes an exchange among equals. The more we resemble the other person (culture/socioeconomic status),the more comfortable we are.
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Gifting
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When there are two sides of transactions. The giver expects the person to receive the gift; its refusal is seen as rude. Accepting gifts suggests as interaction.
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Game Theory
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Having two parties against each other with each protecting their own interest. Both parties understand the payoff, but don't know what the other side will decide
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Coordination game
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When both parties win if they achieve the same decision. They have no knowledge of all choices and cannot communicate with each other
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Tacit Coordination
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Coordinating for a similar goal by figuring out what the other person will decide to do. Even though they have the same interests, they cannot play together, have no knowledge of each other's plans, but base expectations on what the other will decide by knowing something about them
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Tacit Bargaining
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When an interaction cannot fully agree on an interest, but can easily be blamed on lack of communication
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True
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True or False: Markets were created through power struggles between groups and has shaped exchange relations to their interests.
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Freud
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Which person advocated for the Oceanic Feeling, the Self & Ego, and the availability of unhappiness?
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Generalized Other
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A concept concerning symbolic interactionism introduced by Mead that explains that a person has common expectations that others have about actions and thoughts within a particular society, and thus serves to clarify their relation to the other as a representative member of a shared social…
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Historical
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Sociologists have conducted researched that's showed that racism is connected to ___________ origins of Capitalism, not internal characteristics of any race but instead by factors outside of the individual.
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Karl Marx
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The most important social scientist of the 19th century was a sociologist. He studied the economy and his work focused on explaining socioeconomic phenomena. His name is...
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Durkheim
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The first sociology professor in France who set out to differentiate sociology from other disciplines in France
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False (We look from the outside. We imagine out self in specific situations with specific expectations)
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True or False: We define our self by looking at our own self from the inside
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(Charles) Pierce
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American philosopher who introduced semiotics, meaning that everything has meaning and meaning is ascribed by society. We learn meaning and value of things from everyone around us
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Cooley
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Person who argues that we imagine and talk to this imaginary person in ways that seem real. His breakthrough suggests that we try to emulate others by trying to behave in certain ways
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The Self as Fragmented
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Concept that explains that we can never by whole nor complete. Every interaction requires specific parts of our self.
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False (In each specific circumstance, specific aspects of our self come to light. We constantly negotiate between which self to portray)
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True or False: All of our own self can exist at the same time
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True
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True or False: The creation of the Self is not internal. The Self is created through social experience.
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Mead
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Person who introduced the concept that we can only become our self, our fragments, by seeing our self in different perspectives. For example: hide and seek or playing baseball
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Blumer
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Person who introduced that we negotiate roles through interactions. Social interactions are fluid and dynamic. Even when we are under the same circumstance, who we are changes. Social life is constantly changing (not fixed)
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True (this limits negotiations)
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True or False: Institutions make sure we behave in a certain way. We adapt to institutionally-sanctioned roles.
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True
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True or False: The W.I. Thomas Theorem describes that society is NOT in the mind. It is very much real, pervasive and life altering. Institutions make things real.
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Institutions remain active as long as they fulfill the needs of society.
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what is the Parsonian view on institutions?
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Interactions between dyads and small groups
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Microinteraction cases on which types of social activity?
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Being able to predict the consequences of our actions
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In society, what does the concept of "Rationalization" mean?
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because it contributes expectations we have in situations
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According to Goffman, whyy do we like to meet expectations?
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boundaries between women's and men's jobs
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what is sex typing?
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A nations development is dependent on how they've overcame/ taken other nations empire
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According to empirical evidence which of the following is correct about nations?
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1st dimension is the workers sped endless hours producing something they did not create
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what does the " product is alien to the worker
" mean?
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finding affordable and safe homes
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which is an issue many low-wage workers faced?
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his/her relations to means of production
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what defines the worker?
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Manard had long hours and salary was not clear
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why Wal-Mart over Manard?
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wal-mart
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In MV, where did she work?
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Minnesota
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which state did Ehrenreich work in as a sales associate?
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the struggle of her working class
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What was Ehrenreich's main point of her project?
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motel, paid by weekly in advance
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In Portland which type of housing was Ehrenreich able to afford?
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Hegelians: he believed that ideas came first and later materialistic interest.
Marx: Marx believed materials are first then ideas
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what are the key differences between Marx and Hegelians?
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Portland, ME
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In todays reading(4/26/16) which city did Ehrenreich find s job in?
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1st dimension: workers produce 1 part of the commodity(beads) they do not know final product
2nd dimension: workers are unable to socialize. all interaction is in terms of the production
3rd dimension: NO creativity
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How do the 3 social dimension connected to the "china film"?
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in order to understand how past limits the present
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why do sociologists study historical processes?
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the key focus on society being stable and being able to reproduce itself
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what is functionalism?
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Both were revolutionaries
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According to Husbaura what type of intellectuals were Marx and Engels?
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parties exemplify reality: class and social status affect party affiliation
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How do Weber's 3 group intertwine with one another?
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society as an organism
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Which analogy of society is also presented by parson?
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Adaptation(draught/climate change)
Goal attainment ( lower carbon emission)
Integration (schools, social media)
Latency (family, church)
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what are the 4 functions that Parson believes society needs?
plus the examples that correlate with the needs
hint: LIGA
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Classes, status groups, parties
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Weber's 3 groups that intertwine with one another?
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True
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True or False: Having the same citizen rights does not equivalent having the same social pattern.
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rational capital accounting, free labor, Technology allowing us to predict production, law/markets
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Weber's 4 features of modern capitalism are...
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on low wages , options are limited & expenses increase: lack of health, can not afford housing
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what are issues that individuals face w/ "low wages"?
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all the above (clicker question)
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what is/ are the main differences between the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
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ruling class ( oppressor/ Bourgeoisie)
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According to Marx, who controls a dominant ideas of the civilization/class?
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social relations of the production, economic structure, super structure
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What are the 3 basis of the Marxian theory?
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D: Both A & B (clicker question)
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What does Marx mean by the history of an hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle?
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the productive ______ of capitalism humanity and production
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What did Marx say about Capitalism?
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manifest: the clearly stated purpose/ goal of the institution
ex: school=education
Latent: the Ulterior effects of an institution. the hidden functions of an institution
school= opportunity for parent to go to work/ day care
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" The Parsonian View" says that if an institution serve no purpose, it is removed...
what are the functions of an institution?
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to get workers to unite
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What was the " main point of the manifesto"?
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Historical Materialism-Bourgeoisie revolution
Marx suggest a new socioeconomic system-proletariat revolution
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what are the two sides of the Manifesto?
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restaurant server in Florida
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As part of her book project, what is Ehrenreich1st job, where is it located?
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writer, working low wages jobs in America; describing their working conditions
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In nickel & dimed, what is Ehrenreich doing?
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structure: social forces
-the socioeconomic environment & conditions that control our behavior
Agency: individualism
-limited amount of paths racial disparities
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what are "structure and agency"?
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social forces limit the opportunities an individual may have
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which best describes the nation of agency?
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workers uniting to revolt, this will work because the system has a dependency on workers
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how does Marx envision capitalism collapsing?
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because social class has nothing to do with citizenship rights
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" since we all have the same rights, we all have the same opportunities in life"...why is this wrong?
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allowing population to live above a basic HUMAN RIGH. hence poverty line
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what is the definition of citizenship rights?
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both need each other
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what is the relationship of Bourgeoisies and proletariats?
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setting, appearance, manner
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which are the parts of social life as a series of performances?
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Both A and E
Bourgeoisies owns means of production
proletariat sell labor to survive
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what is the difference between bourgeoisies and proletariat?
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society's economic system emerged out of conflict and 2 social classes.
hint: think of Europe
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what is Marx Theory?
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Asceticism: being diligent/responsible
Frugality: saving money, no indulging
calling: fulfilling god's will on earth
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what are the characteristics of the protestant ethic?
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rise of modern capitalism
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which are the 3 dimensions of alienation?
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parties are against each other both parties win or lose
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what is Game theory?
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performer, audience, outsiders
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what are the 3 basic roles in Goffman's scheme?
hint: P.A.O
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easier to communicate w/ each other, reproduce status
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what are the 2 clear benefits?
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true
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"it's possible to experience every part of our own self at the same time" true or false?
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our social status limits info of others situation social status.
think of Trump
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why does our social status limit the roles we can preform?
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c- economic
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which academic discipline is most related to sociology, rationalization/utilitarian traditions?
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official rules and regulations, economic sanctions, social class, state violence
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which of the following factors delineate our place in society?
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rationality: we try to predict in order to plan accordingly.
living by reference: we make guesses and assumptions on a daily basis.
yes we behave in certain way to predict the future/ understand the situation
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Is "rationality" and Goffman's living by reference connected? if so how?
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talk to ppl with the same status
level of comfortability (superior vs inferior)
gift exchange on acceptance =rude
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what is Homan's social exchange
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SOC 001: EXAM 3