PSY 322: Test 1
103 Cards in this Set
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Dualism
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The idea that the mind has an existence separate from the material world of the body
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Materialism
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The idea that the only thing that exists is matter, and that all things, including the mind and consciousness, are the result of interaction btw bits of material
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Panpsychism
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The idea that the mind exists as a property of all matter; all matter has consciousness
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Gustav Fechner
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1801-1887
Quantify relationships btw stimulus and experience
founder of experimental psychology
related changes in the physical world to changes in our psychological experiences
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Ernest Weber
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1795-1878
tested the accuracy of our sense of touch using a device similar to a compass in geometry
discovered the smallest detectable change in a stimulus is a constant proportion of the stimulus level ---known as Weber's Law
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Psychophysics
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The science of defining quantitative relationships btw physical and psychological (subjective) events
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Two-Point Threshold
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The minimum distance at which 2 stimuli are just perceptible as separate
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JND: Just Noticeable Difference
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smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected
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Weber Fraction
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The constant of proportionality in Weber's Law
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Weber's Law
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The size of the detachable difference is a constant proportion (k) of the level of the stimulus (I)
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Fechner's Law
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A principle describing the relationship btw stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity
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Absolute Threshold
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The minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
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Method of Constant Stimuli
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creating many stimuli with different intensities in order to find the tiniest intensity that can be detected
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Magnitude Estimation
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participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
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Steven's Power Law
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describes the relationship btw stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent
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fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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a variant of magnetic resonance imaging that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain
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BOLD: Blood Oxygen Level-Dependnt Signal
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The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the localization of brain neurons that are most involved in a task
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PET: Positron Emission Tomography
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an imaging technology that enables us to define locations in the brain where neurons are especially active by measuring the metabolism of brain cells using safe radioactive isotopes
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Photons
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associated with brightness
demonstrates both particle and wave properties
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Wave/Wavelength
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associated with color
an oscillation that travels through a medium by transferring energy from one particle or point to another w/o causing any permanent displacement of the medium
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Absorption
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to take up light, noise or energy and not transmit it at all
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Scatter
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light is perceived different when shown on certain objects
disperse light in an irregular fashion
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Refraction
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lights rays get bent through some matter
to alter the course of a wave of energy that passes into something from another medium
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Reflection
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Not all lights gets reflected in the same way
to redirect something that strikes a surface usually back toward its point of origin
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Cornear
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the transparent window into the eye
frontal surface of the eye, 80% of focusing of light
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Aqueous Humor
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the watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye
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Pupil
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becomes larger & smaller depending on stimulation
dark, circular opening at the center of the iris in the eye, where light enters the eye
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Iris
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the colored part of the eye
regulates light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil
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Vitreous Humor
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fluid btw lens and aqueous humor
the transparent fluid that fills the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the eye
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Retina
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back surface of the eye
has sensory (photo) receptors
light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye that contains rods and cons
receive an image from the lens and send it to the brain through the optic nerve
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Sclera
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whites of the eyes
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Ciliary Muscle
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bends rays of light and allows us to focus the light
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Optic Nerve
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sends signals from eye to brain
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Choroid
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artery, supplies blood to the eye
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Emmetropia
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no refractive error because the refractive power of the eye is perfectly matched to the length of the eyeball
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Presbyopia
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loss of near vision because of insufficient accommodation
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Hypermetropia
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farsightedness
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Myopia
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nearsightedness
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Cataracts
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an opacity of the crystalline lens
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Photoreceptors
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a light sensitive receptor in the retina
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Rods
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specialized for night vision
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Cons
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daylight vision, fine visual acuity, and color
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Fundus
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the back layer of the retina
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Outer Segment
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the part of the photoreceptor that contains photopigment molecules
disks
photo-pigment: absorbs lights and photons
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Inner Segment
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part of the photoreceptor that lies between the outer segment and the cell nucleus
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Rodopsin
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Very sensitive to amount of light and wavelength
If exposed to too much light, it is bleached and needs to be regenerated
found in rods
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Photopsin
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less sensitive to amount of light
gives you color information
found in cons
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Mealanopsin
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responds to light to notify your body if you should be awake or asleep
regulates sleep and wake cycles
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Pigment Epithelium
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absorbs light but does not reflect off of it
many blood vessels to help support cells in the retina
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Reflecting Tapetum
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reflective surface
allows for better night vision
Con: gives you blurry vision
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Horizontal Cells
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a specialized retinal cell that contacts both photoreceptor and bipolar cells
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Ganglion Cells
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a retinal cell that receives visual info from photoreceptors via 2 intermediate neuron types and transmits info to the brain and midbrain
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Photoactivation
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chemical change in photo pigments as they respond to light
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Graded Potential
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strength of their firing varies based on the amount of light they receive
an electrical potential that can vary continuously in amplitude
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Duplex Retina Theory
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our visual system is composed of 2 systems that function separately
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Photopic System: Cones
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Low Convergence (sensitivity): the ability to respond to to transmitted signals and perceive via the sense organs
Small receptive fields
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Scotopic System (rods)
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high convergence: high receptive fields = low acuity
large receptive fields
one photopigment
M-ganglion cells: receives input from diffuse bipolar cells & perceives
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Selectivity within receptive field
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Center/surrond organization: different response to light info to the center than to the surrounding
Off/ON response:
on: excitatory response to the presence of light, cell is inhibited
off; excitatory response to the absence of light
Helps to code light contrasts: presence or absence …
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Lateral inhibition
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an inhibition of what is next to you
photoreceptors compete with each other
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Simultaneous Brightness Contrast
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Dark surround = less inhibition for center
Light surround = more inhibition for center
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Macular Degeneration
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loss of cells around the fovea and beyond it, leads to scotoma
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
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degeneration of the rotopsin; leads to lose of night vision
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Resolution Acuity
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ability to perceive a regular that alternates between light & dark
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Sine-wave grating
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simple stimulus that alternates between light & dark smoothly and curvy alternation
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Contrast Sensitivity function
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a mathematical relationship between spatial frequency and sensitivity to amount of contrast
cut-off for no sensitivity and it can't make out spatial frequencies after 60
high spatial frequency are important in order to make out an image, if they are gone the image is blurry
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Topographical mapping
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spatial layout that is connected to an external structure
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Cortical Magnification
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the amount of cortical area devoted to a specific region
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Hypercolumn
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a 1 millimeter block of striate cortex containing 2 sets of columns with one set preferring input from the left and the other input from the right
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Cortical Columns
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the cortex has a vertical arrangement of neurons
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Ocular Dominance
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the property of the receptive fields of striate cortex neurons by which they demonstrate a preference, responding somewhat more rapidly when a stimulus is presented in one eye than when it is presented in the other
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Tilt after-effect
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if you stare at a pattern that is slightly tilted, then a straightened pattern you will see the straightened pattern as being slightly tilted.
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Selective Adaptation
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a reduction in response caused by prior or continuing stimulation
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Accidental Viewpoint
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features the basic dimensions that define what we see
how features come together to form objects
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Middle Vision
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a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image (low-level vision) and before object recognition and scene understanding (high-level vision)
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Agnosia
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A failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them
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Illusory Contour
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a contour that is perceived even though nothing changes from one side of it to the other in an image
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Structuralism
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a school of though believing that complex objects or perceptions could be understood by analysis of the components
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Gestalt
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A school of thought of stressing that the perceptual whole could be greater than the apparent sum of the parts
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Good Continuation
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2 elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour
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Texture segmentation
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carving an image into regions of common texture properties
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Similarity
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the tendency of 2 features to group together will increase as the similarity between them increases
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Proximity
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the tendency of 2 features to group together will increase as the distance between them decreases
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Parallelism
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parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure
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Symmetry
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states that symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as a figure
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Ambiguous Figures
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a visual stimulus that gives rise to 2 or more interpretations of its identity or structure
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Necker Cube
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2 interpretations continually battle for perceptual dominance
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Heuristic
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a mental shortcut
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Accidental Features
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a feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact viewing position of the observer
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Bayesian Approach
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our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and our knowledge about the conditions of the world
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Entry Level category
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"basic level category"; them most general kind of category (i.e bird group)
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Superordinate category
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more broad than entry level (i.e. animals instead of saying birds for a group)
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Subordinate category
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more specific than entry level;(i.e. identifying bird names)
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Atypical member
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super and sub have one that tends to fit but not quite like the others do (i.e. ostrich in the bird group)
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Part-whole relationship
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understand the object by understanding how parts of the object fit together; knowledge of the structure allows for one to figure out the rest of the object
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Geons
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a cone that you can manipulate in various ways
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Viewpoint invariance
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Can recognize an object from any perspective but this only applies as long as you can see enough parts
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Prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize faces
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Face Inversion Effect
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our brain is still able to recognize a face even when it is not at its exact normal form
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Where path (parietal)
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understand where visual objects are in space
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What path (inferior temporal)
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what is in view is more important than where it is
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Bottom-up processing
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perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
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Top down processing
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Starting with the larger concept or idea and then working our way down to the finer details of that concept or idea.
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Empiricism
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the practice of relying on observation and experiment especially in the natural sciences
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PSY 322: Test 1